Dynamics of Changes in Selected Soil Traits in the Profiles of Arable Soils Anthropogenically Alkalised by the Cement and Lime Industry within the Kielecko-Łagowski Vale (Poland)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis
- Organic carbon (Corg) by Tiurin’s methods (for mineral levels of soils with Corg < 15%—method consisted in oxidation of carbon with 0.4 N solution K2Cr2O7 (in relation to Ag2SO4 catalyst) in acidic medium, the residue of which was titrated with Mohr’s salt (0.1 N Fe(NH2)SO4·6H2O) in relation to orthophenanthroline. For humus levels with Corg > 15%, the Alten method was used [27,28];
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Higher pH of soil, and the highest values pHKCl in humus horizons;
- Increased CaCO3 content in organic and organic-mineral horizons;
- Decreased Corg content, especially in humus horizons. The trends of these changes were multifaceted and were also related to the change of land use and increase of average annual air temperatures; and
- A raised level of saturation of sorption complex with alkaline cations, despite reducing dust immission to the soils.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Area No. | Longitude | Latitude | 1978 | 2005 | 2019 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Value (Min–Max) | Annual Value | Mean Value (Min–Max) | Annual Value | Mean Value (Min–Max) | Annual Value | |||
Profile 1 Posłowice | 20.574921 | 50.822278 | 18.6 (15.7–55.1) | 245.6 | 3.01 (2.0–11.7) | 47.3 | 2.9 (2.1–11.7) | 45.2 |
Profile 2 Jesionki | 20.525097 | 50.780045 | 28.3 (11.1–67.8) | 340.5 | 6.3 (1.5–17.3) | 62.0 | 6.1 (2.1–14.7) | 60.1 |
Profile 3 Zgórsko | 20.517237 | 50.827315 | 12.9 (6.6–20.8) | 190.7 | 2.9 (1.5–9.5) | 35.2 | 2.7 (1.7–10.1) | 33.1 |
Profile 4 Kowala | 20.568548 | 50.801873 | 53.1 (14.6–91.9) | 497.5 | 7.9 (1.6–23.6) | 87.4 | 7.8 (1.5–19.3) | 89.2 |
Profile 5 Sitkówka | 20.515501 | 50.812118 | 65.0 (20.2–85.1) | 651.4 | 10.9 (1.9–22.2) | 111.5 | 9.2 (1.7–20.1) | 100.4 |
Area No. | Horizontal Composition | Type and Sub-Type * | Type | Grain-Size Groups ** | Type of Land Use |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Profile 1 Posłowice | Ap-Et-Bt-BC | Haplic Luvisol | loess | silt silt | arable land |
Profile 2 Jesionki | Ap-AC-2Cg-2G | Mollic Fluvisol | alluvial deposit | silt covering loamy sand | fields |
Profile 3 Zgórsko | Ap-Ees-Bhs-C | Haplic Podzol | fluvioglacial sands | sand covering medium and fine sand | arable land |
Profile 4 Kowala | Au-AC-Cg | Mollic Gleysol | fluvial sands | loamy sand | fields the green use |
Profile 5 Sitkówka | Ap-ACca-Rca | Rendzic Leptosol | Devonian limestones | clay loam covering loam | arable land |
Profile No. | Depth cm | Diameter Limits (mm) in % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2–0.05 | 0.05–0.002 Silt | <0.002 Clay | |||
1 | Ap | 0–15 | 37 | 54 | 9 |
Et | 15–45 | 48 | 46 | 6 | |
Bt | 45–60 | 50 | 42 | 8 | |
BC | 60–120 | 23 | 67 | 10 | |
2 | Ap | 0–17 | 50 | 45 | 5 |
AC | 17–30 | 73 | 21 | 6 | |
2Cg | 30–50 | 87 | 10 | 3 | |
2G | 50–70 | 70 | 15 | 15 | |
3 | Ap | 0–12 | 94 | 5 | 1 |
Ees | 12–28 | 94 | 4 | 2 | |
Bhs | 28–48 | 93 | 5 | 2 | |
C | 48–110 | 95 | 4 | 1 | |
4 | Au | 0–16 | 79 | 17 | 4 |
AC | 16–55 | 81 | 11 | 8 | |
Cg | 55–110 | 93 | 5 | 2 | |
5 | Ap | 0–10 | 57 | 30 | 13 |
ACca | 10–21 | 60 | 15 | 25 | |
Rca | 21–35 | - | - | - |
Profile No. | Horizon | Depth | pHH2O | pHKCl | CaCO3 | Corg. Corg. | NTOT NTOT | C:N | Hh | S BC | T CEC | V BS | P2O5 | K2O | Mg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[cm] | [%] | [g.kg−1] | [cmol (+).kg−1] | [%] | [mg.100g−1] | ||||||||||
Results of analyses made in 1978 | |||||||||||||||
1 | Ap | 0–15 | 7.12 | 6.11 | 0.17 | 17.9 | 0.89 | 20.0 | 8.02 | 13.2 | 21.22 | 62.21 | 5.05 | 6.0 | 3.70 |
Et | 15–45 | 7.21 | 5.91 | 0.08 | 11.2 | 0.23 | 48.0 | 2.31 | 7.1 | 9.4 | 75.53 | 0.20 | 5.0 | 9.75 | |
Bt | 45–60 | 6.91 | 5.99 | 0.12 | 0.88 | 0.11 | 8.0 | 3.12 | 11.4 | 14.4 | 78.2 | 0.10 | 3.0 | 7.15 | |
BC | 60–120 | 6.88 | 5.89 | 0.0 | - | - | - | 3.70 | 7.10 | 10.8 | 65.7 | 0.12 | 2.2 | 5.92 | |
2 | Ap | 0–17 | 7.18 | 7.00 | 0.12 | 30.20 | 0.91 | 33.0 | 2.90 | 10.7 | 13.6 | 78.68 | 5.52 | 5.0 | 2.00 |
AC | 17–30 | 5.67 | 4.71 | 0.0 | 19.00 | 0.42 | 45.0 | 1.11 | 9.6 | 10.7 | 89.72 | 1.00 | 1.50 | 5.95 | |
2Cg | 30–50 | 5.91 | 5.98 | 0.0 | 1.86 | 0.09 | 20.7 | 0.80 | 14.8 | 15.6 | 94.87 | 0.30 | 2.50 | 3.25 | |
2G | 50–70 | 5.78 | 5.61 | 0.0 | - | - | - | 1.30 | 7.3 | 8.6 | 84.90 | 0.10 | 2.15 | 2.50 | |
3 | Ap | 0–12 | 7.21 | 6.51 | 1.10 | 20.71 | 0.87 | 24.0 | 21.72 | 26.7 | 48.4 | 55.17 | 13.00 | 10.0 | 5.10 |
Ees | 12–28 | 6.51 | 5.89 | 0.0 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 1.0 | 2.15 | 5.12 | 7.27 | 70.43 | 0.70 | 0.50 | 2.12 | |
Bhs | 28–48 | 5.21 | 4.50 | 0.0 | 0.32 | 0.04 | 8.0 | 4.57 | 1.12 | 5.69 | 19.68 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 4.22 | |
C | 48–110 | 5.19 | 4.35 | 0.0 | - | - | - | 5.14 | 0.75 | 5.89 | 13.10 | 0.10 | 0.31 | 2.10 | |
4 | Au | 0–16 | 6.51 | 6.11 | 0.0 | 49.00 | 0.89 | 55.0 | 10.60 | 44.3 | 54.9 | 80.69 | 2.40 | 5.00 | 7.40 |
AC | 16–55 | 6.05 | 6.07 | 0.0 | 2.12 | 0.13 | 16.3 | 2.81 | 21.2 | 24.01 | 88.30 | 0.70 | 4.00 | 6.20 | |
Cg | 55–110 | 6.00 | 5.77 | 0.0 | - | - | - | 2.10 | 16.2 | 18.3 | 88.50 | 0.55 | 3.30 | 4.10 | |
5 | Ap | 0–10 | 8.02 | 7.30 | 15.89 | 26.43 | 1.14 | 23.0 | 2.66 | 66.6 | 69.26 | 96.16 | 0.41 | 5.0 | 3.95 |
ACca | 10–21 | 8.66 | 7.41 | 13.6 | 1.13 | 0.34 | 3.3 | 0.96 | 38.3 | 39.26 | 97.55 | 0.51 | 5.5 | 4.10 | |
Rca | 21–35 | 8.78 | 7.71 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Results of analyses made in 2005 | |||||||||||||||
1 | Ap | 0–15 | 7.66 | 6.97 | 2.78 | 12.40 | 1.09 | 11.3 | 3.12 | 21.21 | 24.33 | 87.18 | 3.55 | 8.30 | 5.0 |
Et | 15–45 | 8.02 | 6.55 | 1.39 | 9.70 | 0.35 | 27.7 | 0.98 | 10.09 | 11.07 | 91.15 | 0.10 | 6.60 | 12.0 | |
Bt | 45–60 | 7.03 | 6.41 | 1.98 | 0.53 | 0.02 | 26.5 | 2.11 | 15.90 | 18.01 | 88.28 | 0.10 | 4.20 | 9.67 | |
BC | 60–120 | 7.00 | 6.03 | 0.03 | 2.96 | 8.41 | 11.37 | 73.97 | - | 3.0 | 7.80 | ||||
2 | Ap | 0–17 | 7.65 | 7.44 | 1.12 | 24.92 | 1.07 | 23.2 | 2.00 | 13.81 | 15.81 | 87.35 | 5.30 | 5.55 | 2.11 |
AC | 17–30 | 6.27 | 6.05 | 0.03 | 20.52 | 0.28 | 73.2 | 0.70 | 10.77 | 11.47 | 93.90 | 0.85 | 2.03 | 6.4 | |
2Cg | 30–50 | 6.12 | 6.02 | - | 1.33 | 0.07 | 19.0 | 0.45 | 16.11 | 16.56 | 97.28 | 0.25 | 3.31 | 4.0 | |
2G | 50–70 | 6.03 | 6.00 | - | - | - | 1.10 | 8.09 | 9.19 | 88.03 | 0.13 | 2.27 | 3.02 | ||
3 | Ap | 0–12 | 7.87 | 7.58 | 3.79 | 11.53 | 0.98 | 11.7 | 1.71 | 36.56 | 38.27 | 95.53 | 7.18 | 14.7 | 9.11 |
Ees | 12–28 | 7.22 | 7.03 | 23.42 | 0.32 | 0.09 | 3.6 | 0.64 | 10.24 | 10.88 | 94.12 | 0.55 | 1.10 | 4.23 | |
Bhs | 28–48 | 7.11 | 7.09 | 2.47 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 1.8 | 0.23 | 1.91 | 2.14 | 89.25 | 0.05 | 0.90 | 5.9 | |
C | 48–110 | 6.32 | 5.96 | 0.18 | - | - | 1.12 | 0.94 | 2.06 | 45.63 | - | 0.42 | 2.70 | ||
4 | Au | 0–16 | 7.04 | 6.89 | 1.08 | 46.13 | 0.97 | 47.5 | 7.33 | 46.21 | 53.54 | 86.31 | 2.10 | 6.11 | 8.56 |
AC | 16–55 | 6.91 | 6.77 | 0.03 | 20.04 | 0.42 | 47.7 | 1.79 | 27.90 | 29.69 | 93.97 | 0.34 | 4.89 | 7.0 | |
Cg | 55–110 | 6.44 | 6.12 | - | - | - | 1.55 | 18.66 | 20.21 | 92.33 | 0.30 | 4.00 | 4.30 | ||
5 | Ap | 0–10 | 8.44 | 8.01 | 17.62 | 22.20 | 1.13 | 19.6 | 1.99 | 71.8 | 73.79 | 97.30 | 0.36 | 6.11 | 4.11 |
ACca | 10–21 | 8.70 | 7.55 | 14.62 | 1.29 | 0.37 | 3.5 | 0.78 | 40.0 | 40.78 | 98.09 | 0.45 | 7.23 | 5.34 | |
Rca | 21–35 | 8.88 | 7.80 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Results of analyses made in 2019 | |||||||||||||||
1 | Ap | 0–15 | 7.70 | 6.80 | 2.66 | 11.30 | 1.12 | 10.1 | 3.02 | 21.21 | 24.23 | 87.54 | 3.15 | 8.79 | 5.23 |
Et | 15–45 | 7.92 | 6.50 | 1.20 | 9.10 | 0.38 | 23.9 | 0.92 | 10.09 | 11.01 | 91.64 | 0.08 | 7.09 | 12.93 | |
Bt | 45–60 | 7.13 | 6.49 | 1.55 | 0.43 | 0.23 | 1.8 | 2.03 | 15.90 | 17.93 | 88.68 | 0.10 | 4.54 | 10.07 | |
BC | 60–120 | 7.20 | 6.55 | 0.05 | 2.16 | 8.41 | 10.57 | 79.56 | - | 3.70 | 7.62 | ||||
2 | Ap | 0–17 | 7.50 | 7.00 | 1.05 | 21.22 | 1.09 | 19.4 | 2.12 | 13.81 | 15.93 | 86.69 | 4.92 | 5.61 | 2.77 |
AC | 17–30 | 6.40 | 6.25 | 0.05 | 18.61 | 0.25 | 74.5 | 0.56 | 10.77 | 11.33 | 95.06 | 0.75 | 2.45 | 6.92 | |
2Cg | 30–50 | 6.00 | 5.89 | - | 1.93 | 0.05 | 38.6 | 0.38 | 16.11 | 16.49 | 97.70 | 0.27 | 3.91 | 4.88 | |
2G | 50–70 | 6.05 | 5.97 | - | - | - | - | 1.70 | 8.09 | 9.79 | 82.64 | 0.11 | 2.59 | 3.00 | |
3 | Ap | 0–12 | 7.90 | 7.65 | 3.99 | 10.43 | 1.01 | 10.3 | 1.55 | 36.56 | 38.11 | 95.93 | 7.02 | 15.2 | 10.67 |
Ees | 12–28 | 7.31 | 7.12 | 24.11 | 0.29 | 0.10 | 2.9 | 0.54 | 10.24 | 10.78 | 94.99 | 0.38 | 1.43 | 5.12 | |
Bhs | 28–48 | 7.00 | 6.83 | 2.01 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 1.7 | 0.27 | 1.91 | 2.18 | 87.61 | 0.25 | 1.23 | 5.20 | |
C | 48–110 | 6.42 | 6.06 | 0.20 | - | - | - | 0.98 | 0.94 | 1.92 | 48.96 | - | 0.61 | 2.34 | |
4 | Au | 0–16 | 7.12 | 6.90 | 0.98 | 46.91 | 1.02 | 45.9 | 6.43 | 46.21 | 52.64 | 87.78 | 2.21 | 7.08 | 8.99 |
AC | 16–55 | 6.51 | 6.33 | 0.03 | 19.84 | 0.82 | 24.2 | 1.29 | 27.90 | 29.19 | 95.58 | 0.27 | 5.24 | 7.69 | |
Cg | 55–110 | 6.13 | 6.00 | - | - | - | - | 1.22 | 18.66 | 19.88 | 93.86 | 0.36 | 4.74 | 4.90 | |
5 | Ap | 0–10 | 8.51 | 8.21 | 18.07 | 21.30 | 1.19 | 17.8 | 1.59 | 71.8 | 73.39 | 97.83 | 0.31 | 6.99 | 4.17 |
ACca | 10–21 | 8.72 | 7.45 | 13.11 | 1.21 | 0.36 | 3.3 | 0.58 | 40.0 | 40.58 | 98.57 | 0.40 | 7.04 | 5.07 | |
Rca | 21–35 | 8.90 | 7.81 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
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Świercz, A.; Gandzel, A.; Tomczyk-Wydrych, I. Dynamics of Changes in Selected Soil Traits in the Profiles of Arable Soils Anthropogenically Alkalised by the Cement and Lime Industry within the Kielecko-Łagowski Vale (Poland). Land 2021, 10, 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010084
Świercz A, Gandzel A, Tomczyk-Wydrych I. Dynamics of Changes in Selected Soil Traits in the Profiles of Arable Soils Anthropogenically Alkalised by the Cement and Lime Industry within the Kielecko-Łagowski Vale (Poland). Land. 2021; 10(1):84. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010084
Chicago/Turabian StyleŚwiercz, Anna, Agnieszka Gandzel, and Ilona Tomczyk-Wydrych. 2021. "Dynamics of Changes in Selected Soil Traits in the Profiles of Arable Soils Anthropogenically Alkalised by the Cement and Lime Industry within the Kielecko-Łagowski Vale (Poland)" Land 10, no. 1: 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010084