Identifying Influencing Factors of Agricultural Soil Heavy Metals Using a Geographical Detector: A Case Study in Shunyi District, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.2.1. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.2.2. Influencing Factors and Factors Stratification
2.3. Identification Method
3. Results
3.1. The Identification of Influencing Factors of Heavy Metals at a Single-Object Level
3.2. The Identification of Influencing Factors of Heavy Metals at the Multi-Object Level
3.3. Comparative Analysis of Cluster Analysis and Correlation Analysis Methods
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparisons with Related Studies
4.2. Uncertainty and Proper Use of Identification Method Developed in This Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Influencing Factor | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Strata | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | |||||
DEM (m) | 45.444 | 25.304 | 100.000 | <40.830 | 40.830–49.533 | >49.533 | |
Annual deposition fluxes (g/hm2·a) | As | 29.976 | 25.775 | 34.107 | <28.630 | 28.630–31.089 | >31.089 |
Cd | 1.878 | 1.320 | 2.940 | <1.658 | 1.658–1.967 | >1.967 | |
Hg | 0.218 | 0.211 | 0.233 | <0.213 | 0.213–0.220 | >0.220 | |
Cu | 141.086 | 134.035 | 147.863 | <140.794 | 140.794–142.290 | >142.290 | |
Pb | 202.760 | 183.859 | 221.683 | <199.871 | 199.871–206.722 | >206.722 | |
Zn | 503.260 | 484.701 | 544.997 | <493.103 | 493.103–506.092 | >506.092 |
Metal | Index | Soil Properties | DEM | Land Use | Annual Deposition Fluxes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | Cd | Hg | Cu | Pb | Zn | |||||
As | q | 0.073 | 0.093 | 0.024 | 0.008 | |||||
p | 0.418 | 0.000 | 0.457 | 0.282 | ||||||
Cd | q | 0.025 | 0.044 | 0.022 | 0.100 | |||||
p | 0.660 | 0.000 | 0.328 | 0.000 | ||||||
Hg | q | 0.028 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.040 | |||||
p | 0.150 | 0.144 | 0.363 | 0.000 | ||||||
Cu | q | 0.016 | 0.023 | 0.050 | 0.013 | |||||
p | 0.989 | 0.024 | 0.261 | 0.134 | ||||||
Pb | q | 0.015 | 0.011 | 0.004 | 0.022 | |||||
p | 0.989 | 0.183 | 0.977 | 0.028 | ||||||
Zn | q | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.021 | 0.008 | |||||
p | 1.000 | 0.982 | 0.770 | 0.259 |
Component | Eigenvalues | Component Matrix | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Cumulative % | As | Cd | Hg | Cu | Pb | Zn | |
1 | 1.747 | 29.124 | 0.385 | 0.609 | 0.345 | 0.801 | 0.337 | 0.595 |
2 | 1.092 | 47.319 | 0.738 | 0.218 | −0.069 | −0.242 | 0.371 | −0.546 |
3 | 1.031 | 64.496 | −0.141 | 0.444 | 0.647 | −0.048 | −0.482 | −0.401 |
4 | 0.954 | 80.397 | ||||||
5 | 0.686 | 91.832 | ||||||
6 | 0.490 | 100.000 |
Component | Index | Soil Properties | DEM | Land Use | Annual Deposition Fluxes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | Cd | Hg | Cu | Pb | Zn | |||||
1 | q | 0.025 | 0.031 | 0.028 | 0.038 | 0.041 | 0.025 | 0.002 | 0.033 | 0.014 |
p | 0.170 | 0.008 | 0.033 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.018 | 0.709 | 0.005 | 0.106 | |
2 | q | 0.045 | 0.064 | 0.025 | 0.003 | 0.055 | 0.013 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.003 |
p | 0.026 | 0.000 | 0.053 | 0.571 | 0.000 | 0.131 | 0.381 | 0.924 | 0.590 | |
3 | q | 0.016 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.002 | 0.051 | 0.070 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.005 |
p | 0.424 | 0.126 | 0.294 | 0.722 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.490 | 0.286 | 0.441 |
Metal | Soil Properties | DEM | Land Use | Annual Deposition Fluxes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | Cd | Hg | Cu | Pb | Zn | ||||
As | 0.101 | 0.143 ** | 0.031 | 0.046 | |||||
Cd | 0.079 | −0.150 ** | −0.109 * | 0.282 ** | |||||
Hg | 0.064 | −0.110 * | 0.014 | 0.150 ** | |||||
Cu | 0.105 | −0.153 ** | −0.205 ** | 0.069 | |||||
Pb | 0.099 | −0.074 | 0.031 | 0.049 | |||||
Zn | 0.024 | 0.004 | −0.142 * | 0.019 |
Reference | Time | Location | Type | Samples | Method | Metals | Influencing Factors | Significant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Our study | Autumn 2007 | Shunyi District | agricultural soils | 329 | Geographical Detector, PCA | As, Cd, Cu, Cd, Hg, Pb | land use, annual deposition flux, DEM, soil type, and soil texture | p < 0.05 |
[29] | October 2018 | Fengcheng, Jiangxi, China | farmland soils | 283 | Geostatistics, Geodetector | Cd, Hg | soil pH, total phosphorous, elevation, distance from a river, distance from a road | p < 0.05 |
[30] | July 2016, April 2017 | Guangxi | karst soils | 117 | Geographical Detector | Cd | soil type, geological age, rock type, geomorphic type | p < 0.01, p < 0.05 |
[31] | May 2018 | Northwest China | agricultural soils | 62 | Geo-detector | Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Ti, Zn | distance from industrial enterprises, altitude, soil pH, distance from major roads | p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.05 |
[32] | 2015 | Zhejiang, China | agricultural soils | 1928 | GeogDetector | As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg | soil parent materials, farmland type, industrial production, number of cars (1/1000), fertilizer use, pesticide use | p < 0.01 |
[34] | First half of 2013 | Hechi, Guangxi | cropland, forestland, grassland, construction land | 513 | SOM clustering, Geographical Detector | As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb | rivers, factories, ore zones | p < 0.05 |
[35] | November 2016 | Shenzhen, Guangdong | urban soils | 221 | Geographical Detector | As, Pb | original bedrock, subsequent pedogenesis, industrial wastes, vehicle emissions, household garbage | p < 0.05 |
Studies | Time | Location | Samples | Methods | Metals | Influencing Factors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Our study (single object) | Autumn 2007 | Shunyi District | 329 | Geographical detector | As, Cd, Cu | DEM |
Cd, Hg, Pb | Annual deposition flux | |||||
Our study (multi-object) | Autumn 2007 | Shunyi District | 329 | PCA; Geographical detector | Cd, Cu, Zn | DEM, land use, annual deposition flux |
As | Soil type and soil texture, DEM | |||||
Hg, Pb | Annual deposition flux | |||||
Related study Ⅰ [17] | August to November 2009 | Shunyi District | 412 | PCA | Cd, Cu, Zn | Agricultural practices |
As, Pb | Soil parent materials | |||||
Hg | Atmospheric deposition | |||||
Related study Ⅱ [43] | - | Beijing | 773 | PCA; CA | As, Cr, Ni | Pedogenic factors |
Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn | Anthropogenic and soil parent factors | |||||
Pb, Zn, Cu | Traffic and smelting |
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Dong, S.; Pan, Y.; Guo, H.; Gao, B.; Li, M. Identifying Influencing Factors of Agricultural Soil Heavy Metals Using a Geographical Detector: A Case Study in Shunyi District, China. Land 2021, 10, 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101010
Dong S, Pan Y, Guo H, Gao B, Li M. Identifying Influencing Factors of Agricultural Soil Heavy Metals Using a Geographical Detector: A Case Study in Shunyi District, China. Land. 2021; 10(10):1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101010
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong, Shiwei, Yuchun Pan, Hui Guo, Bingbo Gao, and Mengmeng Li. 2021. "Identifying Influencing Factors of Agricultural Soil Heavy Metals Using a Geographical Detector: A Case Study in Shunyi District, China" Land 10, no. 10: 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10101010