Tourism Planning in Underdeveloped Regions—What Has Been Going Wrong? The Case of Extremadura (Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background and Context
2.1. Determining Strategic Objectives in Tourism Planning
2.2. The Planning Process: A Study of the Territory
2.3. Dysfunctional Elements of Tourism Planning
2.4. Functional and Multidisciplinary Elements of Tourism
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Population and Sample
3.2. Selection Criteria for Variables
3.3. Treatment of Variables
4. Results
4.1. Data Analysis and Model
4.2. Structural or Internal Model Analysis
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
6.1. Theoretical Conclusions
6.2. Practical Recommendations
6.3. Limitations and Future Lines of Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Planning Services in Spanish Territories Involved in the Research | Tourist Planners | Tourist Offices | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Population | Sample | Population | Sample | |
Provincial Government of Badajoz (Extremadura) | 10 | 7 | 144 | 6 |
Provincial Government of Cáceres (Extremadura) | 8 | 8 | 78 | 5 |
Local Government of Extremadura (Mancomunidades) | 33 | 17 | - | - |
Regional Government of Extremadura | 17 | 12 | 57 | 21 |
Regional Government of Murcia | 36 | 14 | 41 | 27 |
Provincial Government of Albacete (Castilla-La Mancha) | 10 | 8 | 39 | 23 |
Provincial Government of Murcia (Murcia) | 14 | 10 | 41 | 27 |
Regional Government of Navarra | 4 | 4 | 121 | 39 |
Regional Government of Castilla y León | 18 | 9 | 223 | 27 |
Provincial Government of Salamanca (Castilla y León) | 9 | 7 | 42 | 19 |
Provincial Government of Burgos (Castilla y León) | 8 | 6 | 32 | 14 |
Provincial Government of Zamora (Castilla y León) | 7 | 4 | 27 | 11 |
Provincial Government of Ciudad Real (Castilla La Mancha) | 8 | 6 | 29 | 13 |
Provincial Government of Almería (Andalucía) | 6 | 5 | 39 | 18 |
Provincial Government of Jaén (Andalucía) | 4 | 3 | 38 | 17 |
Provincial Government of Sevilla (Andalucía) | 6 | 4 | 51 | 24 |
Provincial Government of Córdoba (Andalucía) | 7 | 5 | 49 | 19 |
Provincial Government of Toledo (Castilla-La Mancha) | 10 | 9 | 32 | 10 |
Provincial Government of Lugo (Galicia) | 8 | 5 | 36 | 12 |
Provincial Government of Pontevedra (Galicia) | 7 | 6 | 27 | 9 |
Provincial Government of Vigo (Galicia) | 9 | 6 | 38 | 8 |
Provincial Government of A Coruña (Galicia) | 9 | 7 | 39 | 11 |
Provincial Government of Oviedo (Principado de Asturias) | 6 | 5 | 37 | 7 |
Provincial Government of Gijón (Principado de Asturias) | 6 | 4 | 31 | 15 |
Provincial Government of Valencia (Comunidad Valenciana) | 14 | 11 | 58 | 18 |
Provincial Government of Alicante (Comunidad Valenciana) | 11 | 9 | 48 | 20 |
Provincial Government of Elche (Comunidad Valenciana) | 9 | 7 | 37 | 11 |
Regional Government of La Rioja | 8 | 7 | 28 | 12 |
TOTAL | 302 | 205 | 1462 | 443 |
Total Tourist Planners Who Were Invited | Total Tourist Planners Who Accepted | Total Tourist Offices Who Were Invited | Total Tourist Offices Who Accepted |
---|---|---|---|
31 | 21 | 38 | 38 |
Constructs | Indicators |
---|---|
OB | OB1: Realistic objectives fully adapted and integrated into the destination framework [1,12,15,16,38]. |
OB2: Objectives based on the previous study [15,16]. | |
OB3: Resilient goals [15,16,38]. | |
ST | ST1: Carry out an in-depth initial study [39,40,43]. |
ST2: Take the resident community into account [4,30,31,44,45]. | |
ST3: Teams of professionals with varied technical profiles [17,48]. | |
DE | DE1: Economic, social and environmental imbalance [16,51]. |
DE2: Failing to position itself as a consolidated tourist destination [24]. | |
FE | FE1: Take into account multiple factors when planning [14,60,63,64]. |
FE2: Participation of the resident community [21,45,46]. |
FE | ST | DE | OB | |
---|---|---|---|---|
FE1 | 0.928 | |||
FE2 | 0.932 | |||
ST1 | 0.928 | |||
ST2 | 0.905 | |||
ST3 | 0.934 | |||
DE1 | 0.946 | |||
DE2 | 0.949 | |||
OB1 | 0.946 | |||
OB2 | 0.937 |
Cronbach’s Alpha | rho_A | CR | AVE | |
---|---|---|---|---|
FE | 0.844 | 0.844 | 0.927 | 0.865 |
ST | 0.912 | 0.914 | 0.945 | 0.851 |
DE | 0.886 | 0.886 | 0.946 | 0.897 |
OB | 0.873 | 0.876 | 0.940 | 0.887 |
Fornell–Larcker Criteria | ||||
FE | ST | DE | OB | |
FE | 0.930 | |||
ST | 0.720 | 0.922 | ||
DE | 0.706 | 0.751 | 0.947 | |
OB | 0.705 | 0.704 | 0.714 | 0.942 |
FE | ST | DE | OB | |
---|---|---|---|---|
FE | ||||
ST | 0.820 | |||
DE | 0.816 | 0.834 | ||
OB | 0.819 | 0.787 | 0.811 |
Path Coefficient (β) | Low Interval | High Interval | T Statistics | p Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FE -> ST | 0.720 | 0.667 | 0.773 | 22.182 | 0.000 *** |
FE -> DE | 0.230 | 0.142 | 0.324 | 4.082 | 0.000 *** |
FE -> OB | 0.411 | 0.287 | 0.531 | 5.586 | 0.000 *** |
ST -> DE | 0.390 | 0.265 | 0.515 | 5.062 | 0.000 *** |
ST -> OB | 0.408 | 0.281 | 0.531 | 5.446 | 0.000 *** |
DE -> OB | 0.277 | 0.166 | 0.382 | 4.062 | 0.000 *** |
R2 | Q2 | |
---|---|---|
ST | 0.518 | 0.437 |
DE | 0.653 | 0.574 |
OB | 0.577 | 0.504 |
Hypothesis | Theory | Results |
---|---|---|
(H1). Dysfunctional elements of tourism planning (DE) influence the determination of objectives in tourism planning (OB). | The objectives have to be realistic with the territory [15,16]. The capacities of the territory and the wishes of the resident community must be taken into account [1,13,14]. Objectives have to be updated to changes in the environment [39,40,41]. | DE -> OB β: 0.277 T: 4.062 |
(H2). A study of the territory (ST) affects the determination of the objectives in tourism planning (OB). | The proposed objectives meet short-term economic criteria and are not based on a previous study [12,15,16]. The proposed objectives are not consistent with the reality of the territory [1,15,16,38,39,40,41,42]. | ST -> OB β: 0.408 T: 5.446 |
(H3). The functional and multidisciplinary elements of tourism (FE) affect the determination of the objectives in tourism planning (OB). | Destination planning should be carried out by professionals with multidisciplinary technical profiles [17,48]. The objectives must meet different criteria (economic, social and environmental) [39,42,43,44,45]. | FE -> OB β: 0.411 T: 5.586 |
(H4). The study of the territory to be planned (ST) influences the dysfunctional elements of tourism planning (DE). | A socioeconomic and environmental study is necessary before planning a territory [39,40,41]. The study must take into account physical, financial, organisational and social elements [31,43,44,45,63]. Tourism development must be gradual to avoid an economic, social and environmental imbalance [48,49,50,52,56,58]. | ST -> DE β: 0.390 T: 5.062 |
(H5). The functional and multidisciplinary elements of tourism (FE) affect the study of the territory to be planned (ST). | A holistic perspective is necessary in determining the study of the territory [17,20,46,48]. The study has to consider the multiple characteristic elements of tourism [13,17,46,48,62]. | FE -> ST β: 0.720 T: 22.182 |
(H6). The functional and multidisciplinary elements of tourism (FE) influence the dysfunctional elements of tourism planning (DE). | To avoid future problems due to tourism development, elements related to the environment, transport, services, infrastructure or population will be taken into account in the planning [13,14,17,18,19,24,31,45,46,54,59,60,62,66]. | FE -> DE β: 0.230 T: 4.082 |
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Leal-Solís, A.; Robina-Ramírez, R. Tourism Planning in Underdeveloped Regions—What Has Been Going Wrong? The Case of Extremadura (Spain). Land 2022, 11, 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050663
Leal-Solís A, Robina-Ramírez R. Tourism Planning in Underdeveloped Regions—What Has Been Going Wrong? The Case of Extremadura (Spain). Land. 2022; 11(5):663. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050663
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeal-Solís, Ana, and Rafael Robina-Ramírez. 2022. "Tourism Planning in Underdeveloped Regions—What Has Been Going Wrong? The Case of Extremadura (Spain)" Land 11, no. 5: 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050663
APA StyleLeal-Solís, A., & Robina-Ramírez, R. (2022). Tourism Planning in Underdeveloped Regions—What Has Been Going Wrong? The Case of Extremadura (Spain). Land, 11(5), 663. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11050663