Planning for Just Cities with Nature-Based Solutions: Sustainability and Socio-Environmental Inequalities in San José de Chamanga, Ecuador
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background to Environmental Justice
3. Theoretical Background to Self-Constructed City Planning via Informal Armature (IA)
4. Shifting from Unjust to Just Self-Constructed Cities
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- Authorities should implement the idea of using nature to solve environmental problems in their management policies. Among a wide range of ecosystem-related concepts, we emphasize the role of Nature-Based Solutions because they address “societal challenges” as well as the environment [36,40]. According to IUCN criteria3, NBS’s main priority regards the people “who are or will be directly affected by the challenge(s),”4 and its design “seeks to maintain the productive capacity of ecosystems as well as the production of benefits necessary for human well-being”5. Eco-poverty is the main societal challenge in self-constructed cities. The implementation of NBS for restoring the natural capital creates the condition for economic justice and fairness in what people can receive from their ecosystem. It provides the basis for distributive justice [41,42,43].
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- Another IUCN criterion asserts that NBS must “actively engage and empower local communities and other affected stakeholders”6; such involvement supports interactional justice and constitutes a conversational ground between local dwellers and stakeholders.
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- Furthermore, one of the apparent aspects that the IUCN criteria widely highlights is the contribution of NBS to the restoration and sustainable management of ecosystems7. A restorative approach is a form of restitution, restoring the natural capital to the community. In this regard, the role of NBS is utterly in line with restorative justice. In addition, in the absence of urban regulatory and development strategies, the self-constructed areas’ growth exposes the balance of local ecosystems to severe risk and the terrestrial Ecosystem. Such settlements encroach onto environmentally sensitive areas, populating unstable territories with geological and physiological limitations. We suggest a novel planning strategy- “Informal Armature” (IA) [10,32]—“armature” in the sculptural sense of the word- as a wire framework around which a piece of sculpture takes form. Informal Armatures would create public infrastructure around which self-constructed settlements could emerge. In this regard, the role of IA is utterly in line with spatial and interactional justice.
5. Case Study and Methods
5.1. Study Area—San José de Chamanga
5.2. Reviewing the Government’s Planning-Community Priorities and Governmental Proposals
5.3. Field Survey
- 1
- The government collected the names of those that would receive new houses. They did not explain the process, and people were skeptical that their current houses and land would be taken away. Priority was given to those living in the displacement camp.
- 2
- There is a breakdown in communication between government and local authorities regarding intention, schedules, and projects. There also seems to be a disconnect between the town just wanting to rebuild and the government’s intention of rebuilding to avoid risk in the future, which will naturally take more time to implement.
- 3
- The children go to school for only half a day because the school is too small, so they rotate between the older and younger students, leaving lots of time available to get into trouble. They can make far more money by peddling drugs than by fishing or collecting shellfish.
- 4
- Lack of clean water and sewage system are widely mentioned. It caused the outbreak of cholera, amoebic dysentery, and giardia. Water is trucked in and sold. The town has refused a water system because they do not trust paying for piped water due to a lack of trust in the government.
- 5
- There is one fishermen’s union. However, there is an entry fee and unclear benefits to the local population. There are only five union members against more than 300 active fishermen. It appeared to be a distrust of any form of organization or formalization of the fishing industry.
- 6
- Concha collecting is one of the only ways women in the town can earn a living. There is still very much a gender-segregated job system. Job performance and viability are based on the estuary’s health. By not caring for the mangroves, women’s livelihood and only pieces of independence are at risk.
- 7
- “God gave the mangroves to everybody; it seems unfair only a few should take them away from everybody else.” A resident named Sergio worked as a contractor for the government’s socio-Manglar Policy. Growing mangroves meant replanting; however, shrimp farmers did not want to give up their land to mangroves and would pay to place mangroves in plastic bags to fool inspectors.
- 8
- Fishing stocks have deteriorated, and fishing and shellfish collecting is near guaranteed to remain a poverty-based profession.
5.4. Site Visits, Workshop with Local Dwellers and Literature Review
6. Results: A Proposal for a Just City in San José de Chamanga
6.1. Mangrove’s Restoration and Chinampa Technology—NBS and Distributive and Restitutive Justice
6.2. Informal Armature Planning and Spatial Justice
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- Sanitation ponds and the system of Chinampa are Protectors/buffers elements that protect specific pieces of land from development or intensive fishing activities.
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- The pier infrastructure along the coast is the Attractor; this area is the core of recreation and sailing transportation. The commercial corridor along the coast is Productive patches, or economic drivers of the city. The productive inland ponds are Custodians’ managerial centers that enforce protector patches and buffer zones.
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- The rest of the areas are Neighborhood patches, areas intended for self-constructed settlements.
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Loss of Mangrove Habitat in Favour of Shrimp Farm
Appendix B. Chamanga Technology
Appendix C
NBS and Local Communities’ Welfare in the Southern Hemisphere: A Brief Review
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- re-establishing the balance of some landscape areas—safeguarding and enhancing their ecological-environmental components—for the defense from possible risks and the continuous threats of erosion, landslides, slumps, floods, and the preservation of biodiversity [104];
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Notes
1 | Other terms used to refer to such impoverished neighborhoods are: squatter settlements or shanty town or shacks [12], favelas (refers to Favela, hill outside Rio de Janeiro) villas miseria [13], slum [14] bidonvilles, rookery, gecekondu, skid row, barrio, ghetto, taudis, bandas de miseria, barrio marginal, morro, loteamento, barraca, musseque, tugurio, solares, mudun safi, karyan, medina achouaia, brarek, ishash, galoos, tanake, baladi, hrushebi, chalis, katras, zopadpattis, bustee, estero, looban, dagatan, umjondolo, watta, udukku, and chereka bete [15].This is a note example. |
2 | “A commonly accepted restorative justice definition, used internationally, is “a process whereby parties with a stake in a specific offence collectively resolve how to deal with the aftermath of the offence and its implications for the future” [24] (p. 5). |
3 | IUCN [40] defines eight criteria to be fulfilled to define an ecosystem-based approach as a NBS. |
4 | IUCN [40] Criterion 1. |
5 | IUCN [40] Criterion 2. |
6 | IUCN [40] Criteria 5 and 8. |
7 | IUCN [40] Criteria 4,6 and 7. |
8 | The results of these interviews have been published online [46]. |
9 | The results of the workshop have been published online [46]. |
10 | Mangroves are ecologically, and economically viable living sources used for medical serums, charcoal, lumber, and food sources. Due to their demands for nutrients, mangroves play an essential role in removing pollutants, heavy metals, and pesticides [51,52,53,54] and are considered tolerant plants for wastewater effluents [55,56]. Furthermore, mangroves deter sea water’s advancement onto sweet water bodies, preserving biomes, diminishing the impact of sea-level- rise, storms, tsunamis, and erosion [57,58,59,60]. The devastation of mangroves has exacerbated landslides and water erosion along the tropical coastlines. |
11 | IUCN [40] Criterion 4. |
12 |
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Nickayin, S.S.; Jahelka, A.; Ye, S.; Perrone, F.; Salvati, L. Planning for Just Cities with Nature-Based Solutions: Sustainability and Socio-Environmental Inequalities in San José de Chamanga, Ecuador. Land 2023, 12, 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030604
Nickayin SS, Jahelka A, Ye S, Perrone F, Salvati L. Planning for Just Cities with Nature-Based Solutions: Sustainability and Socio-Environmental Inequalities in San José de Chamanga, Ecuador. Land. 2023; 12(3):604. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030604
Chicago/Turabian StyleNickayin, Samaneh Sadat, Aubrey Jahelka, Shuwen Ye, Francesca Perrone, and Luca Salvati. 2023. "Planning for Just Cities with Nature-Based Solutions: Sustainability and Socio-Environmental Inequalities in San José de Chamanga, Ecuador" Land 12, no. 3: 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030604
APA StyleNickayin, S. S., Jahelka, A., Ye, S., Perrone, F., & Salvati, L. (2023). Planning for Just Cities with Nature-Based Solutions: Sustainability and Socio-Environmental Inequalities in San José de Chamanga, Ecuador. Land, 12(3), 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030604