Continuous Decline in Direct Incomes for Farmers Threatens the Sustainability of the Grain for Green Project
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Indicators
2.4. Methodology
3. Results
3.1. Impact of the GGP on the Transfer of the Labor Force
3.2. Impact of the GGP on Agricultural Management
3.3. Impact of the GGP on Household Income
3.4. Impact of the GGP on Household Expenditures
3.5. Changes in GGP Subsidies and Comparison of Land Benefits before and after Returning Farmland
4. Discussion
4.1. Direct and Indirect Influences
4.2. Advantages of Using Long-Series Household Survey Data
4.3. Alternative Livelihoods and the Sustainability of Ecological Projects
4.4. Shortcomings and Future Research Prospects
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. a | Variable | Definition | PHs | NPHs | T-Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD b) | Mean (SD) | T | P | |||
1 | Education | Educational level of the head of household c | 1.99 (0.70) | 2.03 (0.65) | −0.41 | 0.69 |
2 | Income | Economic status of the household of the respondent d | 1.75 (0.50) | 1.73 (0.58) | 0.20 | 0.84 |
3 | Income source | Main sources of household income e | 1.30 (0.54) | 1.31 (0.52) | −0.13 | 0.90 |
4 | Household size | Respondent’s household size | 3.58 (1.06) | 3.58 (0.87) | −0.02 | 0.98 |
5 | Labor force | Persons over 16 years of age in sample households who participate in productive activities and receive income in kind or in money | 2.16 (0.85) | 2.08 (0.87) | 0.56 | 0.58 |
Proportion of PHs with Unproductive Retired Farmland (%) | Proportion of PHs with Productive Retired Farmland (%) | Proportion of Productive Retired Farmland to Total Retired Farmland (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
2009 | 59.00% | 41.00% | 35.65% |
2010 | 73.72% | 26.28% | 24.42% |
2011 | 69.44% | 30.56% | 26.80% |
2012 | 68.72% | 31.28% | 27.13% |
2013 | 70.23% | 29.77% | 20.84% |
2014 | 78.72% | 21.28% | 19.45% |
2015 | 67.86% | 32.14% | 27.76% |
2016 | 60.65% | 39.35% | 36.16% |
2017 | 60.00% | 40.00% | 36.23% |
2018 | 78.99% | 21.01% | 21.33% |
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Li, L.; Hua, X.; Zhao, G.; Xu, E. Continuous Decline in Direct Incomes for Farmers Threatens the Sustainability of the Grain for Green Project. Land 2024, 13, 1307. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081307
Li L, Hua X, Zhao G, Xu E. Continuous Decline in Direct Incomes for Farmers Threatens the Sustainability of the Grain for Green Project. Land. 2024; 13(8):1307. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081307
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Luqian, Xiaobo Hua, Guangshuai Zhao, and Erqi Xu. 2024. "Continuous Decline in Direct Incomes for Farmers Threatens the Sustainability of the Grain for Green Project" Land 13, no. 8: 1307. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081307