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Volume 14
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10.3390/land14020247
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Physical Parameterization Sensitivity of Noah-MP for Hydrothermal Simulation Within the Active Layer on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

by
Yongliang Jiao
1,2,
Ren Li
1,*,
Tonghua Wu
1,
Xiaodong Wu
1,
Shenning Wang
1,2,
Jimin Yao
1,
Guojie Hu
1,
Xiaofan Zhu
1,
Jianzong Shi
1,
Yao Xiao
1,
Erji Du
1,2 and
Yongping Qiao
1
1
Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Land 2025, 14(2), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020247
Submission received: 10 October 2024 / Revised: 22 January 2025 / Accepted: 22 January 2025 / Published: 24 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Land – Observation and Monitoring)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The accurate modeling of complex freeze–thaw processes and hydrothermal dynamics within the active layer is challenging. Due to the uncertainty in hydrothermal simulation, it is necessary to thoroughly investigate the parameterization schemes in land surface models. The Noah-MP was utilized in this study to conduct 23,040 ensemble experiments based on 11 physical processes, which were aimed at improving the understanding of parameterization schemes and reducing model uncertainty. Next, the impacts of uncertainty of physical processes on land surface modeling were evaluated via Natural Selection and Tukey’s test. Finally, Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was used to identify the optimal combination of parameterization schemes for improving hydrothermal simulation. The results of Tukey’s test agreed well with those of Natural Selection for most soil layers. More importantly, Tukey’s test identified more parameterization schemes with consistent model performance for both soil temperature and moisture. Results from TOPSIS showed that the determination of optimal schemes was consistent for the simulation of soil temperature and moisture in each physical process except for frozen soil permeability (INF). Further analysis showed that scheme 2 of INF yielded better simulation results than scheme 1. The improvement of the optimal scheme combination during the frozen period was more significant than that during the thawed period.
Keywords: Qinghai–Tibet plateau; active layer; hydrothermal processes; Noah-MP; parameterization schemes; sensitivity analysis Qinghai–Tibet plateau; active layer; hydrothermal processes; Noah-MP; parameterization schemes; sensitivity analysis

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Jiao, Y.; Li, R.; Wu, T.; Wu, X.; Wang, S.; Yao, J.; Hu, G.; Zhu, X.; Shi, J.; Xiao, Y.; et al. Physical Parameterization Sensitivity of Noah-MP for Hydrothermal Simulation Within the Active Layer on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Land 2025, 14, 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020247

AMA Style

Jiao Y, Li R, Wu T, Wu X, Wang S, Yao J, Hu G, Zhu X, Shi J, Xiao Y, et al. Physical Parameterization Sensitivity of Noah-MP for Hydrothermal Simulation Within the Active Layer on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Land. 2025; 14(2):247. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020247

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiao, Yongliang, Ren Li, Tonghua Wu, Xiaodong Wu, Shenning Wang, Jimin Yao, Guojie Hu, Xiaofan Zhu, Jianzong Shi, Yao Xiao, and et al. 2025. "Physical Parameterization Sensitivity of Noah-MP for Hydrothermal Simulation Within the Active Layer on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau" Land 14, no. 2: 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020247

APA Style

Jiao, Y., Li, R., Wu, T., Wu, X., Wang, S., Yao, J., Hu, G., Zhu, X., Shi, J., Xiao, Y., Du, E., & Qiao, Y. (2025). Physical Parameterization Sensitivity of Noah-MP for Hydrothermal Simulation Within the Active Layer on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Land, 14(2), 247. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020247

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