Incorporating Topography into Landscape Continuity Analysis—Hong Kong Island as a Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aims
2.1. Incorporating Topography in Landscape Continuity Analysis (with/without Buildings)
2.2. Analyze Land Cover Changes in the 20th Century
3. Methods
3.1. Study Area—Hong Kong Island
3.2. Historical Sources
Historical Map | Sheet | Georeferencing Parameters | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year | RMS Error (m) | Projection Name | Datum | |
1930 | Sheets 19 and 23 | 13.05 | World Polyconic Grid HK | D Clarke 1866 |
1945 | Northern Sheet-Sht. 19 | 7.46 | World Polyconic Grid HK | D Clarke 1866 |
1945 | Southern Sheet-Sht. 23 | 6.36 | World Polyconic Grid HK | D Clarke 1866 |
1952 | Northern Sheet-Sht. 19 | 9.90 | World Polyconic Grid HK | D Clarke 1866 |
1952 | Southern Sheet-Sht. 23 | 4.35 | World Polyconic Grid HK | D Clarke 1866 |
1975 | Northern Sheet-Sht. 11 | 3.81 | UTM50 International | D International 1967 |
1975 | Southern Sheet-Sht. 15 | 3.46 | UTM50 International | D International 1967 |
1984 | Northern Sheet-Sht. 11 | 2.98 | Hong Kong 1980 UTM Zone 50N | D Hong Kong 1980 |
1984 | Southern Sheet-Sht. 15 | 3.07 | Hong Kong 1980 UTM Zone_50N | D Hong Kong 1980 |
1995 | Northern Sheet-Sht. 11 | 3.29 | Hong Kong 1980 Grid | D Hong Kong 1980 |
1993 | Southern Sheet-Sht. 15 | 2.99 | Hong Kong 1980 Grid | D Hong Kong 1980 |
2003 | Northern Sheet-Sht. 11 | 2.84 | Hong Kong 1980 Grid | D Hong Kong 1980 |
2006 | Southern Sheet-Sht. 15 | 2.76 | Hong Kong 1980 Grid | D Hong Kong 1980 |
3.3. Reconstructing Historical GIS Layers of Built-Up Areas
3.4. Landscape Continuity Analysis
Built-up Area Type | Weight | Equivalent Distance of 1 km from a Large City
(km) = Reciprocal of the Respective Weight |
---|---|---|
Expressway | 100% | 1 |
Main road | 75% | 1.333 |
Secondary road (double width) | 50% | 2 |
Secondary road (single width) | 25% | 4 |
Built-up areas (without building height information) | 100% | 1 |
Building height less than 7.5 m | 75% | 1.333 |
Building height 7.5–15 m | 100% | 1 |
Buildings height 15–50 m | 125% | 0.8 |
Building height greater than 50 m | 150% | 0.666 |
3.5. Modeling Topographic Effects on the Landscape
3.6. Case Study of Parkview Residential Project
4. Results
4.1. Temporal Changes in the Developed Areas
Year (as in Table 1) | 1930 | 1945 | 1952 | 1975 | 1984 | 1993/5 | 2003/6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land area (ha), HK Island | 747,120 | 755,992 | 755,603 | 772,264 | 786,044 | 797,393 | 801,371 |
Built-up area (ha), HK Island | 12,856 | 18,559 | 21,301 | 47,855 | 52,142 | 51,618 | 56,012 |
Built-up area (%), HK Island | 1.7% | 2.5% | 2.8% | 6.2% | 6.6% | 6.5% | 7.0% |
Sum distance from roads/built-up (km), HK Island | 335.0 | 215.5 | 162.8 | 101.6 | 100.1 | 91.9 | 89.2 |
Sum weighted distance from roads/built-up (km), HK Island | 344.6 | 243.2 | 200.8 | 151.5 | 147.6 | 124.6 | 120.0 |
Population, HK Island | 409,203 (1931) | No data | No data | 1,089,500 | 1,179,000 | 1,312,637 | 1,268,112 |
Population, HK total | 840,473 (1931) | 750,000 | 2,250,000 | 4,360,000 | 5,397,900 | 6,035,400 | 6,935,900 (2005) |
4.2. Viewshed Analysis
4.3. Runoff Analysis
5. Discussion
- Dispersion-concentration. While runoff tends to concentrate in rivers that converge, other impacts (e.g., air pollution, not analyzed here) tend to disperse with distance from the source.
- Adjacency-remoteness. While runoff can only be transferred along continuous path ways, other impacts, e.g., visibility, may affect non adjacent areas, as a function of the topographic structure of the land.
- Smoothness-steepness. While accessibility (as modeled through the landscape continuity analysis) tends to change gradually, other impacts, e.g., visibility, change their values abruptly, due to obstruction by ridge lines and high rise buildings.
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Levin, N.; Singer, M.E.; Lai, P.C. Incorporating Topography into Landscape Continuity Analysis—Hong Kong Island as a Case Study. Land 2013, 2, 550-572. https://doi.org/10.3390/land2040550
Levin N, Singer ME, Lai PC. Incorporating Topography into Landscape Continuity Analysis—Hong Kong Island as a Case Study. Land. 2013; 2(4):550-572. https://doi.org/10.3390/land2040550
Chicago/Turabian StyleLevin, Noam, Matan E. Singer, and Poh Chin Lai. 2013. "Incorporating Topography into Landscape Continuity Analysis—Hong Kong Island as a Case Study" Land 2, no. 4: 550-572. https://doi.org/10.3390/land2040550