An Overview of the Impacts of Land Use Land Cover Changes (1980–2014) on Urban Water Security of Kolkata
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Data
- (1)
- Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) image (path 148, rows 44 and 45) DoA: 16 January 1980;
- (2)
- Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image (path 138, row 44) DoA: 14 November 1990;
- (3)
- Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image (path 138, row 44) DoA: 17 November 2000;
- (4)
- Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Resourcesat-1 Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor (LISS) III image (path 108, row 56) DoA: 3 February 2010;
- (5)
- Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Resourcesat-1 Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor (LISS) III image (path 108, row 56) DoA: 11 April 2014.
3.2. Methods
4. Land Use-Land Cover Change in Kolkata Municipal Corporation Area Since 1980
4.1. Overviewing Analysis for the Kolkata Municipal Corporation Area (KMC)
4.2. Borough-Wise Analysis for the Kolkata Municipal Corporation Area (KMC)
5. Water Security in Kolkata Municipal Corporation Area
5.1. Water Demand and Supply
5.2. Water Accessibility
5.3. Water Related Disasters
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Satellite-Sensor | Bands | Spectral Resolution (µm) | Spatial Resolution (m) |
---|---|---|---|
Landsat-MSS | 1 | 0.5–0.6 | 60 |
2 | 0.6–0.7 | ||
3 | 0.7–0.8 | ||
4 | 0.8–1.1 | ||
Landsat-TM | 1 | 0.45–0.52 | 30 |
2 | 0.52–0.60 | ||
3 | 0.63–0.69 | ||
4 | 0.76–0.90 | ||
5 | 1.55–1.75 | ||
7 | 2.08–2.35 | ||
Landsat-ETM+ | 1 | 0.45–0.52 | 30 |
2 | 0.52–0.60 | ||
3 | 0.63–0.69 | ||
4 | 0.76–0.90 | ||
5 | 1.55–1.75 | ||
7 | 2.08–2.35 | ||
Resourcesat-1 LISS-III | 2 | 0.52–0.59 | 23.5 |
3 | 0.62–0.68 | ||
4 | 0.77–0.86 | ||
5 | 1.55–1.70 |
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Borough | Ward No. |
---|---|
I | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 |
II | 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 & 20 |
III | 13, 14, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 & 35 |
IV | 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 38 & 39 |
V | 36, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49 & 50 |
VI | 46, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 60, 61 & 62 |
VII | 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 64, 65, 66 & 67 |
VIII | 68, 69, 70, 72, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 & 90 |
IX | 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 & 82 |
X | 81, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 & 100 |
XI | 103, 104, 110, 111, 112, 113 & 114 |
XII | 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108 & 109 |
XIII | 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120 &122 |
XIV | 121, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131 &132 |
XV | 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140 & 141 |
XVI | 123, 124, 125, 126 |
Demography | |
Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) Area (2011) | 205 Km2 |
Population | 4,496,694 |
Floating Population | 6,000,000 Per Day |
Total Water Demand (based on KMC) | 925 MLD (as per KMC); 952 (as per CPHEEO) |
Per Capita Demand | 170 MLD |
Water Supply System | |
Sources | Hooghly River and groundwater from deep and hand tube-wells |
Surface Water Contribution | 89% |
Groundwater Contribution | 11% |
Total Water Supplied | 1216 MLD |
Per Capita Supplied | 224 LPCD |
Loss due to Leakage | 35% |
Actual Supply (After Loss) | 790 MLD |
Per Capita Supply (After Loss) | 145% |
Population served by Water Supply System | 92% [27]; 85% [12] |
Per Capita Water Supply Served | 134 LPCD [24]; 171 LPCD [12] |
Demand-Supply Gap (After Loss) | 135 MLD |
Continuity of Water Supplied (in Hours) | 8 |
Residual Pressure | 3.6 PSI |
Number of Water Treatment Plants | 4 |
Designed Capacity for water Production | 1787 MLD |
Actual Capacity | 1080 MLD |
Operational Capacity for Surface Water Production | 1260 MLD |
Operational Capacity for Ground Water Production | 114 MLD |
Reservoir Capacity | 256 ML |
Hand Tube-wells | 12,000 |
Large Tube-wells | 400 |
Water Supply Distribution Pipes | 5687 Km |
Number of Piped Connections | 245,019 [27] |
Household with access to water | 79% |
Water Price for Domestic Usage | Unbilled for up to one connection/premise additional water supply: US$0.15/m3 |
Water Price for Commercial, Industrial and Institutional Usage | Flat-rate between US$11.6 and US$66 (Monthly) Additional Water Supply: US$0.33/m3 |
Years | Population | Growth Rate (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | ||
1961 | 2,927,298 | 1,815,791 | 1,111,498 | +8.48 |
1971 | 3,148,746 | 1,924,505 | 1,224,241 | +7.57 |
1981 | 3,305,006 | 1,930,320 | 1,374,686 | +4.96 |
1991 | 4,399,819 | - | - | +33.12 |
2001 | 4,572,8976 | 2,500,040 | 2,072,836 | +3.93 |
2011 | 4,486,679 | 2,362,662 | 2,124,017 | −1.88 |
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Mukherjee, S.; Bebermeier, W.; Schütt, B. An Overview of the Impacts of Land Use Land Cover Changes (1980–2014) on Urban Water Security of Kolkata. Land 2018, 7, 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/land7030091
Mukherjee S, Bebermeier W, Schütt B. An Overview of the Impacts of Land Use Land Cover Changes (1980–2014) on Urban Water Security of Kolkata. Land. 2018; 7(3):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/land7030091
Chicago/Turabian StyleMukherjee, Subham, Wiebke Bebermeier, and Brigitta Schütt. 2018. "An Overview of the Impacts of Land Use Land Cover Changes (1980–2014) on Urban Water Security of Kolkata" Land 7, no. 3: 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/land7030091