Antibodies

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Open AccessAddendum

Simon, M.R., et al. Polyclonal Antibody Therapies for Clostridium difficile Infection. Antibodies 2014, 3, 272–288.

by Michael R. Simon, Stephanie M. Chervin and Stephen C. Brown

Antibodies 2015, 4(3), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib4030278 - 22 Sep 2015

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Abstract

The authors wish to add the following to the acknowledgments of [1]: [...] Full article

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Open AccessReview

Antibody Fragments and Their Purification by Protein L Affinity Chromatography

by Gustav Rodrigo, Mats Gruvegård and James M. Van Alstine

Antibodies 2015, 4(3), 259-277; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib4030259 - 11 Sep 2015

Cited by 74 | Viewed by 33703

Abstract

Antibodies and related proteins comprise one of the largest and fastest-growing classes of protein pharmaceuticals. A majority of such molecules are monoclonal antibodies; however, many new entities are antibody fragments. Due to their structural, physiological, and pharmacological properties, antibody fragments offer new biopharmaceutical [...] Read more.

Antibodies and related proteins comprise one of the largest and fastest-growing classes of protein pharmaceuticals. A majority of such molecules are monoclonal antibodies; however, many new entities are antibody fragments. Due to their structural, physiological, and pharmacological properties, antibody fragments offer new biopharmaceutical opportunities. In the case of recombinant full-length antibodies with suitable Fc regions, two or three column purification processes centered around Protein A affinity chromatography have proven to be fast, efficient, robust, cost-effective, and scalable. Most antibody fragments lack Fc and suitable affinity for Protein A. Adapting proven antibody purification processes to antibody fragments demands different affinity chromatography. Such technology must offer the unit operation advantages noted above, and be suitable for most of the many different types of antibody fragments. Protein L affinity chromatography appears to fulfill these criteria—suggesting its consideration as a key unit operation in antibody fragment processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibody Constructs)

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Open AccessReview

VNARs: An Ancient and Unique Repertoire of Molecules That Deliver Small, Soluble, Stable and High Affinity Binders of Proteins

by Caroline Barelle and Andy Porter

Antibodies 2015, 4(3), 240-258; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib4030240 - 1 Sep 2015

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 12015

Abstract

At 420 million years, the variable domain of New Antigen Receptors or VNARs are undoubtedly the oldest (and smallest) antigen binding single domains identified in the vertebrate kingdom. Their role as an integral part of the adaptive immune system of sharks has been [...] Read more.

At 420 million years, the variable domain of New Antigen Receptors or VNARs are undoubtedly the oldest (and smallest) antigen binding single domains identified in the vertebrate kingdom. Their role as an integral part of the adaptive immune system of sharks has been well established and has served to provide a greater understanding of the evolution of humoral immunity; their cellular components and processes as well as the underlying genetic organization and molecular control mechanisms. Intriguingly, unlike the variable domain of the camelid heavy chain antibodies or VHH, VNARs do not conform to all of the characteristic properties of classical antibodies with an ancestral origin that clearly distinguishes them from true immunoglobulin antibodies. However, this uniqueness of their origin only adds to their potential as next generation therapeutic biologics with their structural and functional attributes and commercial freedom all enhancing their profile and current success. In fact their small size, remarkable stability, molecular flexibility and solubility, together with their high affinity and selectivity for target, all reinforce the potential of these domains as drug candidates. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the existing basic biology of these unique domains, to highlight the drug-like properties of VNARs and describe current progress in their journey towards the clinic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanobodies)

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Open AccessReview

B Cell Epitope-Based Vaccination Therapy

by Yoshie Kametani, Asuka Miyamoto, Banri Tsuda and Yutaka Tokuda

Antibodies 2015, 4(3), 225-239; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib4030225 - 14 Aug 2015

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 10754

Abstract

Currently, many peptide vaccines are undergoing clinical studies. Most of these vaccines were developed to activate cytotoxic T cells; however, the response is not robust. Unlike vaccines, anti-cancer antibodies based on passive immunity have been approved as a standard treatment. Since passive immunity [...] Read more.

Currently, many peptide vaccines are undergoing clinical studies. Most of these vaccines were developed to activate cytotoxic T cells; however, the response is not robust. Unlike vaccines, anti-cancer antibodies based on passive immunity have been approved as a standard treatment. Since passive immunity is more effective in tumor treatment, the evidence suggests that limited B cell epitope-based peptide vaccines may have similar activity. Nevertheless, such peptide vaccines have not been intensively developed primarily because humoral immunity is thought to be preferable to cancer progression. B cells secrete cytokines, which suppress immune functions. This review discusses the possibility of therapeutic antibody induction by a peptide vaccine and the role of active and passive B cell immunity in cancer patients. We also discuss the use of humanized mice as a pre-clinical model. The necessity of a better understanding of the activity of B cells in cancer is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monoclonal Antibody-Based Agents in Cancer Treatment: From Laboratory to the Clinic)

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Open AccessReview

Antibody Conjugates: From Heterogeneous Populations to Defined Reagents

by Patrick Dennler, Eliane Fischer and Roger Schibli

Antibodies 2015, 4(3), 197-224; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib4030197 - 3 Aug 2015

Cited by 94 | Viewed by 27786

Abstract

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their derivatives are currently the fastest growing class of therapeutics. Even if naked antibodies have proven their value as successful biopharmaceuticals, they suffer from some limitations. To overcome suboptimal therapeutic efficacy, immunoglobulins are conjugated with toxic payloads to form [...] Read more.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their derivatives are currently the fastest growing class of therapeutics. Even if naked antibodies have proven their value as successful biopharmaceuticals, they suffer from some limitations. To overcome suboptimal therapeutic efficacy, immunoglobulins are conjugated with toxic payloads to form antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and with chelating systems bearing therapeutic radioisotopes to form radioimmunoconjugates (RICs). Besides their therapeutic applications, antibody conjugates are also extensively used for many in vitro assays. A broad variety of methods to functionalize antibodies with various payloads are currently available. The decision as to which conjugation method to use strongly depends on the final purpose of the antibody conjugate. Classical conjugation via amino acid residues is still the most common method to produce antibody conjugates and is suitable for most in vitro applications. In recent years, however, it has become evident that antibody conjugates, which are generated via site-specific conjugation techniques, possess distinct advantages with regard to in vivo properties. Here, we give a comprehensive overview on existing and emerging strategies for the production of covalent and non-covalent antibody conjugates. Full article

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Open AccessReview

Opportunities for Conformation-Selective Antibodies in Amyloid-Related Diseases

by Marta Westwood and Alastair D. G. Lawson

Antibodies 2015, 4(3), 170-196; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib4030170 - 15 Jul 2015

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 10617

Abstract

Assembly of misfolded proteins into fibrillar deposits is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. Developing effective therapies to these complex, and not yet fully understood diseases is currently one of the greatest medical challenges facing society. Slow and initially asymptomatic onset of [...] Read more.

Assembly of misfolded proteins into fibrillar deposits is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. Developing effective therapies to these complex, and not yet fully understood diseases is currently one of the greatest medical challenges facing society. Slow and initially asymptomatic onset of neurodegenerative disorders requires profound understanding of the processes occurring at early stages of the disease including identification and structural characterisation of initial toxic species underlying neurodegeneration. In this review, we chart the latest progress made towards understanding the multifactorial process leading to amyloid formation and highlight efforts made in the development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of amyloid-based disorders. The specificity and selectivity of conformational antibodies make them attractive research probes to differentiate between transient states preceding formation of mature fibrils and enable strategies for potential therapeutic intervention to be considered. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Model-Based Comparison of Antibody Dimerization in Continuous and Batch-Wise Downstream Processing

by Anton Sellberg, Frida Ojala and Bernt Nilsson

Antibodies 2015, 4(3), 157-169; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib4030157 - 10 Jul 2015

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6877

Abstract

Monoclonal antibodies are generally produced using a generic platform approach in which several chromatographic separations assure high purity of the product. Dimerization can occur during the fermentation stage and may occur also during the downstream processing. We present here simulations in which a [...] Read more.

Monoclonal antibodies are generally produced using a generic platform approach in which several chromatographic separations assure high purity of the product. Dimerization can occur during the fermentation stage and may occur also during the downstream processing. We present here simulations in which a traditional platform approach that consist of protein A capture, followed by cation-exchange and anion-exchange chromatography for polishing is compared to a continuous platform in which dimer removal and virus inactivation are carried out on a size-exclusion column. A dimerization model that takes pH, salt concentration and the concentration of antibodies into account is combined with chromatographic models, to be able to predicted both the separation and the degree to which dimers are formed. Purification of a feed composition that contained 1% by weight of dimer and a total antibody concentration of 1 g/L was modeled using both approaches, and the amount of antibodies in the continuous platform was at least 4 times lower than in the traditional platform. The total processing time was also lower, as the cation-exchange polish could be omitted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimized Antibody Recovery and Purification Methods)

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Open AccessArticle

Pre-Clinical Intravenous Serum Pharmacokinetics of Albumin Binding and Non-Half-Life Extended Nanobodies®

by Sven Hoefman, Ingrid Ottevaere, Judith Baumeister and Maria Laura Sargentini-Maier

Antibodies 2015, 4(3), 141-156; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib4030141 - 10 Jul 2015

Cited by 80 | Viewed by 17391

Abstract

Nanobodies are antigen-binding, single variable domain proteins derived from naturally-occurring, heavy chain only antibodies. They are highly soluble, stable, and can be linked to build multi-specific formats. Several Nanobodies are currently in clinical development in different therapeutic areas, for both chronic and acute [...] Read more.

Nanobodies are antigen-binding, single variable domain proteins derived from naturally-occurring, heavy chain only antibodies. They are highly soluble, stable, and can be linked to build multi-specific formats. Several Nanobodies are currently in clinical development in different therapeutic areas, for both chronic and acute applications. For the former, prolonged exposure is achieved by half-life extending moieties that target endogenous albumin, while for the latter, non-half-life extended constructs are preferable. To demonstrate the general pharmacokinetic behavior of both formats, serum levels of seven intravenously administered Nanobodies were analyzed in cynomolgus monkeys, mice or rabbits. In monkeys, the total clearance of a monomeric irrelevant Nanobody was rapid (2.0 mL/(min*kg)) and approximated the species glomerular filtration rate, indirectly suggesting that the Nanobody was mainly eliminated via the kidneys. When linked to an anti-albumin Nanobody, a 376-fold decrease in clearance was observed, resulting in a terminal half-life of 4.9 days, corresponding to the expected species albumin half-life. Similar conclusions were drawn for (non-) half-life extended mono-, bi- and trimeric Nanobodies in mice or rabbits, suggesting that these kinetic principles apply across species. Applying this knowledge to species translation and study design is crucial for successful pre-clinical development of novel therapeutic Nanobody candidates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanobodies)

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Antibodies, Volume 4, Issue 3 (September 2015) – 8 articles , Pages 141-278

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