Automatic Design of Efficient Heuristics for Two-Stage Hybrid Flow Shop Scheduling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- We formally formulate and decompose the problem into three parts, and design an efficient greedy dealing dispatching rules (GDDR) heuristic of which the time complexity is .
- On the basis of GDDR, we firstly design a cooperative co-evolutionary genetic programming (GDDR-CCGP) to characterize different decision points of the problem with three sub-populations, and generate dispatching rules for each decision point while simultaneously exploring the synergistic relationship between dispatching rules by adopting the proposed two-trial evaluation scheme.
- Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed GDDR-CCGP algorithm significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art meta-heuristic algorithms in terms of both solution quality and efficiency.
- We also discuss the importance of three decision points of the two-stage hybrid flow shop scheduling problem, which provides new insights for the design of dispatching rules.
2. Literature Review
3. Problem Description
4. Heuristic Design
4.1. Problem Decomposition
4.2. Greedy Dealing Dispatching Rules Heuristic
Greedy Dealing Dispatching Rules (GDDR) |
Step 0. Input three dispatching rules (BFDR, BSDR and JSDR) for each decision point; set job family index . Step 1. For job family k, sort jobs in the non-decreasing order of processing time on the discrete machine , i.e., . Denote this job sequence as and initialize empty batches. Set job index and batch index , where and . Step 2. Greedily try to assign the ith job of to each of , batches that still have space remain, and calculate a priority for each possible batch assignment by applying BFDR; Step 3. Assign the ith job of to the batch with the highest priority, break ties arbitrarily. If , set and go to Step 2; otherwise, go to Step 4. Step 4. If , set and go to Step 1; otherwise, go to Step 5; Step 5. Whenever the batch processor is idle, calculate priorities for all batches queueing in front of the batch processor by applying BSDR; Step 6. Select the batch with the highest priority to process on the batch processor and remove this batch from the queue. Step 7. Whenever the discrete processor is idle, calculate priorities for all queueing jobs in the buffer by applying JSDR. Step 8. Select the job with the highest priority to process on the discrete processor and remove this job from the buffer. Step 9. Repeat Steps 5–8 until all jobs are finished |
5. Genetic Programming-Based Hyper-Heuristic
5.1. Genetic Programming
5.2. GDDR-CCGP Algorithm
Algorithm 1: GDDR-CCGP |
|
5.3. Fitness Evaluation
Algorithm 2: eval(s, T) |
|
6. Computational Experiments
6.1. Terminal Sets and Parameter Settings
6.2. Problem Instances Generation
- job processing time of job i: ;
- batch processing time of job family k: ;
- total number of jobs in job family k: , and .
- : , , , ;
- : , , , ;
- : , , , .
6.3. Comparison Results
- Obj:
- the objective value reached by applying an algorithm on an instance;
- Hh:
- any algorithm h;
- LB:
- the composite lower bound developed by [3];
- Dif:
- the difference in percentage between an algorithm and the lower bound;
- indicates outperforms .
- T1 ( and ), ;
- T2 ( and ), ;
- T3 ( and ), .
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Notations
n | total number of jobs; |
m | total number of incompatible job families; |
b | batch capacity; |
h | the maximum number of batches the buffer can hold; |
F | incompatible job families set, where ; |
total number of jobs in family k, where ; | |
set of jobs belonging to family k, , ; | |
number of batches in family k, i.e., , where ; | |
processing time on the batch processor for family k, where ; | |
processing time on the discrete processor for job i, where ; | |
N | job set, where ; |
B | the batch set, where and ; |
a sufficient small positive number; | |
a sufficient large positive number, where . |
Variables
if job i is assigned to batch l, and 0 otherwise; | |
if batch l consists of the jobs in job family k, and otherwise, ; | |
if the position of job i in the process sequence of the discrete processor is less than or | |
equal to , and otherwise, , for all , let ; | |
if job i is processed before job j on the discrete processor, and otherwise, ; | |
the processing time of batch l; | |
the release time of batch l on the batch processor; | |
the completion time of job i. |
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Notation | Description |
---|---|
PT | The processing time of a job on the discrete processor |
BPT | The processing time of a batch on the batch processor |
BWL | Work load of a batch, calculated by sum of PTs of all jobs in a batch |
MinBWL | When a job is assigned to a batch, the minimum BWL of the remaining batches |
MaxBWL | When a job is assigned to a batch, the maximum BWL of the remaining batches |
BSR | The number of space units remaining for a batch |
BBT | The time of batch blocking in the batch processor |
FPTR | Sum of PTs remaining for a job family |
PTQB | Sum of PTs queueing in the buffer |
NJQB | Number of jobs queueing in the buffer |
ERC | A random constant from to 1 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Terminal set of GP for BFDR | PT, BPT, BWL, MinBWL, MaxBWL, FPTR, BSR, 0, 1 |
Terminal set of GP for BSDR | BPT, BWL, PTQB, NJQB,0, 1 |
Terminal set of GP for JSDR | PT, PTQB, NJQB, BBT, ERC |
Function set | +, −, ×, ÷, Max, IfLT, (Neg) |
Initialization | Ramped-half-and-half tree builder |
Population size | 500 |
Generation | 50 |
Crossover rate | 95% |
Mutation rate | 5% |
Elitism | 20 |
Max. tree depth | 17 |
Individual selection | Tournament selection (size 7) |
Cooperators | 1 elite of last generation, 1 random |
GDSPT | IDE | RDE | GDDR | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n-m-b-h | Avg (%) | Max (%) | Time (s) | Avg (%) | Max (%) | Time (s) | Avg (%) | Max (%) | Time (s) | Avg (%) | Max (%) |
40-2-5-2 | 6.62 | 22.94 | 0.07 | 6.38 | 22.94 | 1.13 | 6.26 | 22.76 | 0.01 | 4.50 a,b,c | 15.90 |
40-2-5-3 | 6.72 | 30.60 | 0.07 | 6.53 | 30.17 | 1.06 | 6.39 | 30.17 | 0.00 | 5.16 a,b,c | 25.31 |
40-2-10-2 | 2.08 | 6.07 | 0.04 | 2.08 | 6.07 | 0.04 | 2.08 | 6.07 | 0.00 | 1.59 a,b,c | 5.57 |
40-2-10-3 | 1.96 | 7.45 | 0.04 | 1.96 | 7.45 | 0.03 | 1.96 | 7.45 | 0.00 | 1.60 a,b,c | 6.65 |
40-4-5-2 | 5.45 | 13.50 | 0.06 | 5.03 | 13.50 | 0.95 | 4.76 | 13.50 | 0.00 | 4.93 a | 16.31 |
40-4-5-3 | 4.13 | 17.59 | 0.06 | 3.79 | 15.75 | 0.96 | 3.59 | 15.44 | 0.00 | 4.06 b,c | 13.88 |
40-4-10-2 | 1.34 | 5.00 | 0.01 | 1.34 | 5.00 | 0.01 | 1.34 | 5.00 | 0.00 | 1.24 | 5.09 |
40-4-10-3 | 1.36 | 6.42 | 0.01 | 1.36 | 6.42 | 0.01 | 1.36 | 6.42 | 0.00 | 1.41 | 8.49 |
60-2-5-2 | 7.93 | 31.27 | 0.11 | 7.60 | 29.18 | 2.50 | 7.49 | 28.62 | 0.00 | 5.12 a,b,c | 21.22 |
60-2-5-3 | 5.17 | 29.18 | 0.12 | 4.97 | 28.29 | 2.45 | 4.88 | 27.66 | 0.00 | 3.94 a,b,c | 22.32 |
60-2-10-2 | 2.11 | 8.94 | 0.09 | 2.05 | 8.19 | 1.11 | 2.02 | 7.85 | 0.00 | 1.67 a,b,c | 4.90 |
60-2-10-3 | 2.32 | 7.68 | 0.10 | 2.14 | 7.32 | 1.30 | 2.11 | 7.32 | 0.00 | 1.91 a | 5.29 |
60-4-5-2 | 5.70 | 18.92 | 0.11 | 5.32 | 18.21 | 2.93 | 5.10 | 16.81 | 0.00 | 4.12 a,b,c | 11.57 |
60-4-5-3 | 6.51 | 23.06 | 0.10 | 6.30 | 22.77 | 2.43 | 6.10 | 22.64 | 0.00 | 5.22 a,b,c | 18.83 |
60-4-10-2 | 2.40 | 9.21 | 0.07 | 2.11 | 7.32 | 1.09 | 1.99 | 6.64 | 0.00 | 1.96 a | 5.22 |
60-4-10-3 | 2.11 | 6.53 | 0.08 | 1.79 | 6.27 | 1.10 | 1.67 | 6.19 | 0.00 | 1.69 a | 4.70 |
80-2-5-2 | 7.19 | 28.80 | 0.19 | 6.93 | 28.51 | 5.26 | 6.77 | 27.30 | 0.00 | 4.35 a,b,c | 19.18 |
80-2-5-3 | 6.33 | 21.19 | 0.22 | 6.23 | 21.19 | 4.81 | 6.13 | 20.88 | 0.00 | 4.46 a,b,c | 18.04 |
80-2-10-2 | 2.52 | 9.49 | 0.11 | 2.42 | 8.83 | 2.19 | 2.39 | 8.58 | 0.00 | 1.69 a,b,c | 4.52 |
80-2-10-3 | 2.07 | 9.06 | 0.12 | 1.94 | 8.89 | 2.18 | 1.91 | 8.89 | 0.00 | 1.50 a,b,c | 4.26 |
80-4-5-2 | 6.97 | 22.85 | 0.18 | 6.46 | 21.58 | 5.45 | 6.19 | 20.70 | 0.00 | 4.43 a,b,c | 12.62 |
80-4-5-3 | 6.60 | 17.39 | 0.18 | 6.40 | 17.34 | 5.15 | 6.11 | 17.20 | 0.00 | 4.31 a,b,c | 11.02 |
80-4-10-2 | 2.12 | 6.99 | 0.13 | 1.84 | 6.58 | 2.28 | 1.70 | 6.43 | 0.00 | 1.66 a | 5.84 |
80-4-10-3 | 2.48 | 8.53 | 0.13 | 2.09 | 7.45 | 2.21 | 1.92 | 7.45 | 0.00 | 1.72 a,b,c | 5.34 |
GDSPT | IDE | RDE | GDDR | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n-m-b-h | Avg (%) | Max (%) | Time (s) | Avg (%) | Max (%) | Time (s) | Avg (%) | Max (%) | Time (s) | Avg (%) | Max (%) |
100-2-10-2 | 2.28 | 9.65 | 0.39 | 2.21 | 9.45 | 4.14 | 2.16 | 9.27 | 0.01 | 1.63 a,b,c | 4.58 |
100-2-10-3 | 2.42 | 8.37 | 0.16 | 2.32 | 8.25 | 3.91 | 2.28 | 8.19 | 0.01 | 1.64 a,b,c | 5.04 |
100-2-20-2 | 1.07 | 4.13 | 0.12 | 0.97 | 3.37 | 1.93 | 0.95 | 3.25 | 0.00 | 0.75 a,b,c | 2.81 |
100-2-20-3 | 1.02 | 3.19 | 0.12 | 0.93 | 3.02 | 1.95 | 0.91 | 3.02 | 0.00 | 0.71 a,b,c | 2.31 |
100-4-10-2 | 2.28 | 8.37 | 0.16 | 2.03 | 7.88 | 4.37 | 1.89 | 7.70 | 0.00 | 1.68 a,b,c | 5.67 |
100-4-10-3 | 2.91 | 8.32 | 0.16 | 2.63 | 7.17 | 4.29 | 2.46 | 6.91 | 0.00 | 1.97 a,b,c | 4.58 |
100-4-20-2 | 0.93 | 2.81 | 0.09 | 0.73 | 2.37 | 1.81 | 0.69 | 2.27 | 0.00 | 0.74 a | 2.65 |
100-4-20-3 | 0.82 | 3.75 | 0.08 | 0.65 | 2.09 | 1.79 | 0.58 | 1.83 | 0.00 | 0.65 a | 2.87 |
100-10-10-2 | 3.29 | 8.24 | 0.11 | 2.53 | 5.59 | 4.32 | 1.99 | 4.70 | 0.00 | 2.32 a,b | 5.50 |
100-10-10-3 | 2.89 | 8.64 | 0.11 | 2.18 | 6.11 | 4.37 | 1.72 | 5.30 | 0.00 | 2.04 a,b | 5.34 |
200-2-10-2 | 3.27 | 12.24 | 0.71 | 3.22 | 12.18 | 27.22 | 3.16 | 11.77 | 0.01 | 1.67 a,b,c | 6.87 |
200-2-10-3 | 3.05 | 8.62 | 0.69 | 3.03 | 8.59 | 26.08 | 2.98 | 8.53 | 0.01 | 1.67 a,b,c | 4.80 |
200-2-20-2 | 1.40 | 3.79 | 0.40 | 1.28 | 3.69 | 12.20 | 1.25 | 3.64 | 0.01 | 0.84 a,b,c | 2.14 |
200-2-20-3 | 1.54 | 3.93 | 0.41 | 1.40 | 3.93 | 12.94 | 1.37 | 3.93 | 0.01 | 0.94 a,b,c | 2.30 |
200-4-10-2 | 2.71 | 12.44 | 0.69 | 2.61 | 12.25 | 27.42 | 2.47 | 11.91 | 0.00 | 1.65 a,b,c | 6.70 |
200-4-10-3 | 3.44 | 9.54 | 0.66 | 3.33 | 9.52 | 28.24 | 3.18 | 9.21 | 0.01 | 1.75 a,b,c | 4.36 |
200-4-20-2 | 1.41 | 4.06 | 0.41 | 1.20 | 3.38 | 12.19 | 1.07 | 2.98 | 0.01 | 1.00 a,b | 2.63 |
200-4-20-3 | 1.46 | 4.06 | 0.41 | 1.19 | 3.08 | 12.26 | 1.08 | 2.94 | 0.00 | 1.02 a,b | 2.44 |
200-10-10-2 | 2.90 | 6.51 | 0.67 | 2.65 | 5.84 | 28.64 | 2.13 | 5.74 | 0.00 | 1.82 a,b,c | 4.34 |
200-10-10-3 | 2.93 | 6.98 | 0.66 | 2.69 | 6.90 | 28.88 | 2.14 | 6.55 | 0.01 | 1.85 a,b,c | 5.74 |
200-10-20-2 | 1.65 | 4.55 | 0.28 | 1.12 | 2.42 | 13.50 | 0.82 | 2.03 | 0.00 | 1.02 a,b | 2.06 |
200-10-20-3 | 1.51 | 3.49 | 0.29 | 1.15 | 3.11 | 12.69 | 0.85 | 2.19 | 0.00 | 1.04 a,b | 2.43 |
300-2-10-2 | 3.19 | 13.99 | 1.82 | 3.13 | 13.99 | 83.25 | 3.07 | 13.78 | 0.03 | 1.76 a,b,c | 7.65 |
300-2-10-3 | 3.37 | 10.31 | 1.81 | 3.36 | 10.31 | 83.09 | 3.31 | 10.21 | 0.02 | 1.92 a,b,c | 7.25 |
300-2-20-2 | 1.29 | 4.92 | 0.99 | 1.24 | 4.84 | 37.36 | 1.22 | 4.65 | 0.02 | 0.71 a,b,c | 2.04 |
300-2-20-3 | 1.24 | 4.14 | 1.03 | 1.19 | 4.14 | 36.02 | 1.16 | 4.12 | 0.01 | 0.71 a,b,c | 2.06 |
300-4-10-2 | 4.42 | 12.21 | 1.83 | 4.25 | 11.96 | 103.03 | 4.02 | 11.30 | 0.01 | 1.97 a,b,c | 5.43 |
300-4-10-3 | 3.29 | 7.54 | 1.81 | 3.26 | 7.54 | 99.55 | 3.09 | 7.47 | 0.02 | 1.65 a,b,c | 3.85 |
300-4-20-2 | 1.47 | 4.77 | 1.03 | 1.33 | 4.22 | 41.67 | 1.24 | 4.14 | 0.01 | 0.82 a,b,c | 2.03 |
300-4-20-3 | 1.49 | 4.37 | 0.99 | 1.30 | 3.80 | 40.71 | 1.19 | 3.62 | 0.01 | 0.81 a,b,c | 1.97 |
300-10-10-2 | 3.10 | 8.15 | 1.80 | 2.97 | 6.83 | 105.32 | 2.43 | 6.40 | 0.01 | 1.61 a,b,c | 4.00 |
300-10-10-3 | 3.20 | 9.79 | 1.83 | 3.12 | 8.73 | 97.75 | 2.71 | 7.58 | 0.01 | 1.73 a,b,c | 4.77 |
300-10-20-2 | 1.62 | 5.35 | 0.88 | 1.21 | 3.31 | 39.39 | 0.93 | 2.96 | 0.01 | 0.99 a,b | 2.60 |
300-10-20-3 | 1.64 | 4.70 | 0.89 | 1.27 | 3.64 | 40.20 | 0.97 | 3.26 | 0.01 | 0.95 a,b | 2.59 |
400-2-10-2 | 4.13 | 15.82 | 3.83 | 3.92 | 14.82 | 217.06 | 3.77 | 14.45 | 0.03 | 2.26 a,b,c | 9.80 |
400-2-10-3 | 4.28 | 11.40 | 4.07 | 4.26 | 11.40 | 161.52 | 4.24 | 11.40 | 0.03 | 2.54 a,b,c | 8.06 |
400-2-20-2 | 1.58 | 4.51 | 2.29 | 1.56 | 4.51 | 83.83 | 1.53 | 4.49 | 0.02 | 0.76 a,b,c | 1.77 |
400-2-20-3 | 1.49 | 4.76 | 2.03 | 1.45 | 4.76 | 84.41 | 1.41 | 4.68 | 0.02 | 0.70 a,b,c | 1.92 |
400-4-10-2 | 3.49 | 11.62 | 3.85 | 3.37 | 11.50 | 198.54 | 3.17 | 10.16 | 0.02 | 1.46 a,b,c | 4.95 |
400-4-10-3 | 3.20 | 9.44 | 3.82 | 3.19 | 9.44 | 189.06 | 3.11 | 9.28 | 0.02 | 1.58 a,b,c | 5.25 |
400-4-20-2 | 1.46 | 3.61 | 2.02 | 1.38 | 3.54 | 92.61 | 1.28 | 3.52 | 0.01 | 0.81 a,b,c | 1.71 |
400-4-20-3 | 1.55 | 4.19 | 1.99 | 1.42 | 3.57 | 99.64 | 1.31 | 3.53 | 0.02 | 0.83 a,b,c | 1.82 |
400-10-10-2 | 3.16 | 10.53 | 3.80 | 3.03 | 9.51 | 214.82 | 2.74 | 8.27 | 0.01 | 1.49 a,b,c | 4.02 |
400-10-10-3 | 2.97 | 7.74 | 3.78 | 2.92 | 7.60 | 216.61 | 2.57 | 7.60 | 0.01 | 1.42 a,b,c | 4.46 |
400-10-20-2 | 1.40 | 4.30 | 2.04 | 1.15 | 2.67 | 98.30 | 0.77 | 2.16 | 0.01 | 0.82 a,b | 2.48 |
400-10-20-3 | 1.66 | 4.26 | 2.02 | 1.39 | 3.38 | 106.48 | 0.98 | 2.83 | 0.01 | 1.02 a,b | 2.70 |
GDSPT | IDE | RDE | GDDR | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n-m-b-h | Avg (%) | Max (%) | Time (s) | Avg (%) | Max (%) | Time (s) | Avg (%) | Max | Time (s) | Avg (%) | Max (%) |
600-10-10-2 | 4.55 | 7.92 | 4.14 | 4.22 | 7.04 | 478.53 | 3.72 | 5.87 | 0.02 | 1.42 a,b,c | 2.40 |
600-10-20-2 | 1.44 | 2.19 | 1.93 | 1.37 | 2.19 | 321.06 | 0.82 | 1.88 | 0.01 | 0.69 a,b,c | 1.23 |
600-20-10-2 | 3.58 | 7.15 | 3.79 | 3.56 | 6.95 | 406.82 | 3.25 | 5.30 | 0.01 | 1.72 a,b,c | 3.34 |
600-20-20-2 | 1.34 | 2.90 | 1.88 | 1.22 | 2.57 | 341.80 | 0.61 | 1.72 | 0.01 | 0.61 a,b,c | 1.33 |
900-10-10-2 | 3.95 | 10.37 | 11.84 | 3.81 | 9.62 | 613.62 | 3.62 | 9.12 | 0.04 | 1.27 a,b,c | 3.13 |
900-10-20-2 | 1.76 | 2.85 | 5.93 | 1.70 | 2.85 | 584.91 | 1.51 | 2.85 | 0.02 | 0.71 a,b,c | 1.17 |
900-20-10-2 | 4.58 | 8.97 | 11.67 | 4.29 | 7.41 | 613.89 | 4.03 | 6.83 | 0.03 | 1.48 a,b,c | 2.54 |
900-20-20-2 | 1.65 | 3.49 | 5.88 | 1.55 | 2.96 | 584.99 | 1.24 | 2.19 | 0.02 | 0.86 a,b,c | 1.70 |
1200-10-10-2 | 6.14 | 14.10 | 26.79 | 5.43 | 13.16 | 638.08 | 5.08 | 12.33 | 0.06 | 1.90 a,b,c | 6.12 |
1200-10-20-2 | 1.79 | 3.40 | 13.51 | 1.76 | 3.40 | 621.51 | 1.67 | 3.40 | 0.03 | 0.69 a,b,c | 1.18 |
1200-20-10-2 | 5.12 | 10.45 | 26.81 | 4.48 | 8.08 | 643.89 | 4.16 | 7.78 | 0.04 | 1.21 a,b,c | 2.49 |
1200-20-20-2 | 1.58 | 2.79 | 12.93 | 1.51 | 2.08 | 616.20 | 1.44 | 1.95 | 0.02 | 0.80 a,b,c | 1.15 |
BSGP | BatchCCGP | GDDR-CCGP | |
---|---|---|---|
BFGP | −686,434.96 (+) | 453,248.68 (+) | 414,854.98 (+) |
BSGP | 1,139,683.64 (+) | 1,101,289.94 (+) | |
BatchCCGP | −38,393.70 (o) |
Improvement Ratio (%) | Dominant Ratio (%) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDSPT | IDE | RDE | GDSPT | IDE | RDE | |||||||
Avg | Best | Avg | Best | Avg | Best | Avg | Best | Avg | Best | Avg | Best | |
BSGP | 41.45 | −31.17 | 60.99 | −23.19 | 79.14 | −13.04 | 50.13 | 93.48 | 39.48 | 82.61 | 30.26 | 65.22 |
BFGP | −16.43 | −22.48 | −4.81 | −11.39 | 10.34 | 3.10 | 87.22 | 100.00 | 56.26 | 65.22 | 50.35 | 58.70 |
BatchCCGP | −29.16 | −37.90 | −19.43 | −29.66 | −8.39 | −19.68 | 92.17 | 100.00 | 80.30 | 93.48 | 63.26 | 76.09 |
GDDR-CCGP | −27.68 | −40.25 | −17.89 | −32.20 | −6.81 | −22.74 | 90.65 | 100.00 | 80.09 | 93.48 | 61.91 | 78.26 |
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Liu, L.; Shi, L. Automatic Design of Efficient Heuristics for Two-Stage Hybrid Flow Shop Scheduling. Symmetry 2022, 14, 632. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14040632
Liu L, Shi L. Automatic Design of Efficient Heuristics for Two-Stage Hybrid Flow Shop Scheduling. Symmetry. 2022; 14(4):632. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14040632
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Lingxuan, and Leyuan Shi. 2022. "Automatic Design of Efficient Heuristics for Two-Stage Hybrid Flow Shop Scheduling" Symmetry 14, no. 4: 632. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14040632