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Review

Enantioselective Organocatalyzed Synthesis of 2-Amino-3-cyano-4H-chromene Derivatives

by
Isaac G. Sonsona
,
Eugenia Marqués-López
* and
Raquel P. Herrera
*
Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza E-50009, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Symmetry 2015, 7(3), 1519-1535; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7031519
Submission received: 8 July 2015 / Revised: 8 August 2015 / Accepted: 19 August 2015 / Published: 26 August 2015
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Asymmetric Catalysis)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The structural motif that results from the fusion of a benzene ring to a heterocyclic pyran ring, known as chromene, is broadly found in nature and it has been reported to be associated with a wide range of biological activity. Moreover, asymmetric organocatalysis is a discipline in expansion that is already recognized as a well-established tool for obtaining enantiomerically enriched compounds. This review covers the particular case of the asymmetric synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromenes using organocatalysis. Herein, we show the most illustrative examples of the methods developed by diverse research groups, following a classification based on these five different approaches: (1) addition of naphthol compounds to substituted α,α-dicyanoolefins; (2) addition of malononitrile to substituted o-vinylphenols; (3) addition of malononitrile to N-protected o-iminophenols; (4) Michael addition of nucleophiles to 2-iminochromene derivatives; and (5) organocatalyzed formal [4+2] cycloaddition reaction. In most cases, chiral thioureas have been found to be effective catalysts to promote the synthetic processes, and generally a bifunctional mode of action has been envisioned for them. In addition, squaramides and cinchona derivatives have been occasionally used as suitable catalysts for the substrates activation.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Chromene analogues can be frequently found as structural core motif in a great number of natural and synthetic compounds exhibiting interesting medicinal and pharmacological properties [1,2]. Among these, anticancer activity [3] and their potential use as cognitive enhancers for the treatment of schizophrenia, myoclonus and different neurodegenerative diseases [4,5] are the most significant ones. Among the different types of chromenes, we want to focus on 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromene scaffolds. They have received increasing attention in the last years due to the interesting biological activities that this specific family of heterocycles exhibits, such as antimicrobial [6,7,8] and antioxidant [9] activities as well as pro-apoptotic activity [10,11,12,13,14,15], conferring potential use as promising anticancer therapeutic drugs among others applications (Figure 1).
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Figure 1. Biologically active 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromene scaffolds: 1 [16], 2 [10,13], 3 [9] and 4 [17].
Figure 1. Biologically active 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromene scaffolds: 1 [16], 2 [10,13], 3 [9] and 4 [17].
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It is noteworthy that distinct enantiomers often show different biological activity, such as one enantiomer of the anticancer agent 1, which is about 50 times more active than the other enantiomer [16]. All these aspects make necessary the development of new chemical protocols for the obtainment of such an interesting class of compounds in an enantioselective manner to further explore the correlation enantioselectivity-pharmacological activity.
In the last years, organocatalysis has appeared as an efficient alternative tool to yield enantiopure compounds, through different kind of activation [18,19,20,21]. In this respect, although numerous organocatalyzed racemic syntheses of this family of compounds can be found in the literature [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33], only scarce examples following an enantioselective approach have been reported to date [34].
In this review, an overview of enantioselective organocatalyzed procedures for the synthesis of chiral 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromene derivatives is provided. In the center of the synthetic paradigm, malononitrile (5) usually appears as the key piece in these strategies. The different synthetic approaches used for the preparation of these potentially pharmacological compounds can be classified into the five strategies depicted in Scheme 1 and, consequently, this work has been divided into the same sections where the most significant examples are covered.
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Scheme 1. Synthetic strategies for the building of 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromene skeleton.
Scheme 1. Synthetic strategies for the building of 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromene skeleton.
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2. Addition of Naphthol Compounds to Substituted α,α-dicyanoolefins

The first enantioselective organocatalytic example for the synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-cromene derivatives was reported by Yang and Zhao’s group in 2008 (Scheme 2) [35]. In this work, catalyzed addition/intramolecular cyclization reaction between different substituted α,α-dicyanoolefins 6 with β-naphthol 7 in the presence of efficient bifunctional thiourea catalyst 8, led to adducts 9 with good yields and moderate to high enantioselectivities (up to 99% yield and up to 90% ee).
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Scheme 2. Asymmetric synthesis of benzochromene derivatives 9.
Scheme 2. Asymmetric synthesis of benzochromene derivatives 9.
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Based on the idea that compounds 6 are synthetized via Knoevenagel condensation, the authors also explored the multicomponent approach between various substituted benzaldehyde derivatives 10, malononitrile (5) and β-naphtol (7a). Under the same optimized conditions, the corresponding 4-aryl derivatives 9 were obtained with moderate to high yields although with lower enantiomeric excesses (up to 93% yield and up to 65% ee) (Scheme 3).
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Scheme 3. Multicomponent enantioselective synthesis of benzochromene derivatives 9.
Scheme 3. Multicomponent enantioselective synthesis of benzochromene derivatives 9.
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In 2012, a new enantioselective synthesis of 4-aryl derivatives 13 was reported by Wang’s group [36]. In this case, bencylidenemalonitrile derivatives 6 reacted with α-naphthols 11 to afford the corresponding product 13 with moderate to high yields and high selectivities after short reaction times (up to 84% yield and up to 83% ee) (Scheme 4). This process works through a catalyzed tandem Michael addition/intramolecular cyclization reaction in the presence of a catalytic amount of abietic acid-cinchona-thiourea compound 12 in diethyl ether and at room temperature.
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Scheme 4. Organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of 4-aryl derivatives 13.
Scheme 4. Organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of 4-aryl derivatives 13.
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3. Addition of Malononitrile to Substituted o-vinylphenols

Xie and coworkers reported in 2009 the first asymmetric synthesis of highly functionalized 4-ethylidenemalononitrile derivatives 17 from α,β-unsaturated ketones 14 (R2 = CH3) and malononitrile (5), employing an equimolecular mixture of 9-amino-9-deoxy-epiquinine (15) as catalyst, and (R)-1,1′-binaphth-2,2′-diyl hydrogen phosphate (16) as additive (Scheme 5, A) [37]. Products 17 were reached with moderate to high yields and high enantioselectivities (up to 84% yield and up to 96% ee). The same group employed diverse bulkier alkyl/aryl enones 14 under the same reaction conditions leading to 4-β-ketoalkyl/aryl derivatives 18, with moderate yields and from moderate to high enantioselectivities (up to 72% yield and up to 95% ee) (Scheme 5, B).
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Scheme 5. Tandem synthesis of chromene derivatives 17 and 18.
Scheme 5. Tandem synthesis of chromene derivatives 17 and 18.
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Remarkably, in the route to give 17, a second molecule of malononitrile (5) is added in the carbonyl moiety of final expected adducts 18. To explain the formation of the observed products, the authors propose an addition/intramolecular cyclization mechanism, followed by a final Knoevenagel condensation in case of products 17, catalyzed via iminium activation by condensation of enone systems 14 with the chiral primary amine 15, in which the additive 16 might activate the formed imine derivative 19 (Scheme 6).
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Scheme 6. Proposed mechanism for the enantioselective synthesis of compounds 17 and 18.
Scheme 6. Proposed mechanism for the enantioselective synthesis of compounds 17 and 18.
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The enantioselective synthesis of highly substituted 4-nitromethyl derivatives 24 was developed for the first time by Wang’s group in 2011 [38]. In the presence of thiourea-based catalyst 23, different (E)-2-(2-nitrovinyl)phenol compounds 22 reacted with malononitrile (5) in diethyl ether at room temperature to give the corresponding product 24 with moderate enantiomeric excesses and excellent yields after short reaction times (up to 96% yield and up to 76% ee) (Scheme 7). In the proposed catalytic cycle, a concomitant coordination of the malononitrile (5) activated by the amino group of thiourea 23 and the nitroalkene 22 anchored to the catalyst via hydrogen bonding (Scheme 8, I), is invoked to firstly give a stereo-controlled Michael adduct (Scheme 8, II). A subsequent cascade starting by the attack of alkoxide to the cyano group to form a cyclic intermediate (Scheme 8, III) and final tautomerization afforded the desired product 24 with the release of thiourea catalyst 23.
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Scheme 7. Asymmetric synthesis of chromenes 24.
Scheme 7. Asymmetric synthesis of chromenes 24.
Symmetry 07 01519 g011
Symmetry 07 01519 g012 1024
Scheme 8. Proposed mechanism in the asymmetric synthesis of adducts 24, catalyzed by thiourea 23.
Scheme 8. Proposed mechanism in the asymmetric synthesis of adducts 24, catalyzed by thiourea 23.
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Later, Du and coworkers reported a new enantioselective organocatalytic version of this reaction, using the cinchona-thiourea catalyst 25 (Scheme 9) [39]. Final 4-nitromethyl chromene 24 were obtained with slightly better results of selectivity in some cases and lower yields after longer times even when the reaction mixture was heated at 60 °C (up to 90% yield and up to 91% ee).
Symmetry 07 01519 g013 1024
Scheme 9. Enantioselective synthesis of 4-nitroalkyl derivatives 24.
Scheme 9. Enantioselective synthesis of 4-nitroalkyl derivatives 24.
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In order to explain the formation of the final products, a bifunctional mode of activation is hypothesized by the authors, where both reagents would be activated and coordinated to the catalyst through hydrogen bonds, as depicted in Figure 2. The course of the reaction would be identical to the abovementioned mechanism described in Scheme 8.
Symmetry 07 01519 g002 1024
Figure 2. Bifunctional mode of activation for the tandem Michael addition-cyclization catalyzed by chiral thiourea 25.
Figure 2. Bifunctional mode of activation for the tandem Michael addition-cyclization catalyzed by chiral thiourea 25.
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More recently, Wang, Zhou and coworkers disclosed a new catalytic strategy to reach the same products 24 using, in this case, the chiral bifunctional squaramide 26 via tandem Michael addition/cyclization-tautomerization reaction [40]. The corresponding products 24 were isolated with high yields and moderate to high enantioselectivies after short times (up to >99% yield and up to 95% ee) (Scheme 10). In this case, the authors do not propose any mechanistic hypothesis.
Symmetry 07 01519 g014 1024
Scheme 10. Squaramide catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of 4-nitroalkyl derivatives 24.
Scheme 10. Squaramide catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of 4-nitroalkyl derivatives 24.
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The use of functionalized nitroolefins bearing both electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents was possible in this transformation.
The same research group reported the last example of this catalytic strategy using a chiral hydrogen-bond based organocatalyst, thiophosphonodiamide 27 (Scheme 11) [41]. Chromenes 24 were obtained at low temperatures, with high yields and moderate to high selectivities and really short reaction time (up to 95% yield and up to 95% ee).
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Scheme 11. Asymmetric synthesis of 4-nitroalkyl derivatives 24 employing organocatalyst 27.
Scheme 11. Asymmetric synthesis of 4-nitroalkyl derivatives 24 employing organocatalyst 27.
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A ternary complex consisting of the deprotonated malononitrile, the nitroalkene and thiophosphonodiamide 27 was envisioned as plausible transition state to explain the enantioselectivity of the process, where both reagents are simultaneously anchored to the catalyst and activated via hydrogen bond interactions (Scheme 11).

4. Addition of Malononitrile to N-protected o-iminophenols

Wang’s group reported the first reaction between N-Boc α-amido sulfones 28 and malononitrile (5) using the indane amine-thiourea derivative 29 as catalyst and lithium carbonate as base to in situ generate an imine intermediate [38,42]. The strategy led to the formation of the corresponding N-protected 4-amine-chromene derivative 30 with high yields and enantioselectivities after short reaction times (up to 94% yield and up to 89% ee) (Scheme 12).
Symmetry 07 01519 g016 1024
Scheme 12. Catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of compounds 30.
Scheme 12. Catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of compounds 30.
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A reasonable mechanism through enantioselective Mannich-intramolecular ring cyclization-tautomerization cascade sequence is proposed to explain the final products. The catalyst is believed to act in a bifunctional way activating both reagents via hydrogen bondings (Scheme 13).
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Scheme 13. Mechanism for the asymmetric synthesis of compound 30.
Scheme 13. Mechanism for the asymmetric synthesis of compound 30.
Symmetry 07 01519 g017

5. Michael Addition of Nucleophiles to 2-iminochromene Derivatives

In 2012, Jiang, Wang and coworkers [43] obtained excellent results of reactivity and selectivity employing a new enantioselective organocatalytic approach for the synthesis of 4-nitroalkyl derivatives 24, via catalyzed conjugate addition of nitroalkanes 33a–c to 2-iminochromene compounds 32 (Scheme 14). A bifunctional-type catalytic mechanism is proposed, where 2-iminochromene 32 and the tautomeric form of corresponding nitroalkane 33 are activated via hydrogen bonding, and thus, affording a stereo-controlled Michael addition (Figure 3).
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Scheme 14. Enantioselective conjugate addition of nitroalkanes 33 to electrophilic 2-iminochromenes 32.
Scheme 14. Enantioselective conjugate addition of nitroalkanes 33 to electrophilic 2-iminochromenes 32.
Symmetry 07 01519 g018
Symmetry 07 01519 g003 1024
Figure 3. Proposed activation mode for the addition of nitroalkanes 33 to 2-iminochromenes 32 catalyzed by chiral thiourea 25.
Figure 3. Proposed activation mode for the addition of nitroalkanes 33 to 2-iminochromenes 32 catalyzed by chiral thiourea 25.
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The multicomponent version of the abovementioned reaction was previously reported by Yang and Liu’s group [44]. In the presence of chiral tertiary amine-thiourea 8, different salicylaldehyde derivatives 34 reacted with malononitrile (5) and nitroalkanes 33a,b to provide the 4-nitroalkyl product 24 with moderate to excellent yields and selectivities under mild conditions (up to 92% yield and up to 96% ee) (Scheme 15).
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Scheme 15. Multicomponent enantioselective synthesis of 4-nitroalkyl derivatives 24.
Scheme 15. Multicomponent enantioselective synthesis of 4-nitroalkyl derivatives 24.
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On the base of the experimental results, a plausible reaction mechanism involving a tandem Knoevenagel condensation-cyclization reaction followed by a stereo-controlled conjugate addition is proposed in order to explain this multicomponent approach (Scheme 16).
Symmetry 07 01519 g020 1024
Scheme 16. Multicomponent mechanistic proposal to obtain compound 24.
Scheme 16. Multicomponent mechanistic proposal to obtain compound 24.
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Other efficient example of this approach is the enantioselective organocatalytic synthesis of potentially active 4-(indol-3-yl) derivatives 36 [45]. In the presence of an equimolecular mixture of the cinchona-thiourea-based organocatalyst 25 and 2-methylbenzoic acid as additive, indole compounds 35 reacted with 2-iminochromene derivatives 32 via Friedel-Crafts alkylation to give the product 36 under mild conditions with good yields and moderate enantioselectivities (up to 87% yield and up to 86% ee) (Scheme 17).
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Scheme 17. Enantioselective synthesis of 4-(indol-3-yl) derivatives 36.
Scheme 17. Enantioselective synthesis of 4-(indol-3-yl) derivatives 36.
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The same authors also reported an example of the multicomponent version of this reaction involving salicylaldehyde (34a), malononitrile (5) and indole (35a), under the same reaction conditions, to provide the corresponding product 36a, although with lower enantioselectivity (69% yield, 40% ee vs. 72% yield, 62% ee) (Scheme 18).
Symmetry 07 01519 g022 1024
Scheme 18. Enantioselective multicomponent approach to synthesize compound 36a.
Scheme 18. Enantioselective multicomponent approach to synthesize compound 36a.
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A similar bifunctional mode of activation as the one showed in Figure 3 is envisioned in this strategy for the same catalyst, where cinchona derivative 25 would activate the indole and the 2-iminochromene via hydrogen bonding affording the stereo-controlled addition (Figure 4). The authors do not explain the role of the 2-methylbenzoic acid employed as cocatalyst.
Symmetry 07 01519 g004 1024
Figure 4. Activation hypothesis of indole and 2-iminochromenes by catalyst 25.
Figure 4. Activation hypothesis of indole and 2-iminochromenes by catalyst 25.
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More recently, the enantioselective organocatalytic synthesis of 4-dialkylmalonate derivatives 38 via conjugate addition promoted by multi-hydrogen-bond cooperation was reported by Wang’s group [46]. In the presence of a catalytic amount of cinchona-thiourea 25, 2-iminochromene compounds 32 reacted with dialkylmalonate 37, under mild conditions, to give the product 38 with high to excellent yields and high enantiomeric excesses (up to 94% yield and up to 96% ee) (Scheme 19).
Symmetry 07 01519 g023 1024
Scheme 19. Enantioselective synthesis of 4-dialkylmalonate derivatives 38.
Scheme 19. Enantioselective synthesis of 4-dialkylmalonate derivatives 38.
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6. Organocatalyzed Formal [4+2] Cycloaddition Reaction

Han and coworkers disclosed a new approach based on the enantioselective cycloannulation of ortho-quinone methides 39 with malononitrile (5) in the presence of quinine (40), to give the corresponding dioxolane-fused 4-vinyl/aryl derivatives 41 with excellent results of reactivity and selectivity (up to 99% yield and up to 93% ee) (Scheme 20) [47].
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Scheme 20. Enantioselective [4+2] cycloaddition affords dioxolane-fused 4-vinyl/aryl derivatives 41.
Scheme 20. Enantioselective [4+2] cycloaddition affords dioxolane-fused 4-vinyl/aryl derivatives 41.
Symmetry 07 01519 g024
The authors envisioned that these two reagents, as 2π partners or dipoles, would act through a formal [4+2] cycloaddition with a bifunctional organocatalyst, as previously reported by other authors [48].

7. Conclusions

2-Amino-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile is a structural core motif present in a great number of natural and synthetic compounds exhibiting interesting medicinal and pharmacological properties. In this review, we have disclosed the most significant examples concerning the organocatalytic enantioselective synthesis of these scaffolds through five different approaches: (1) addition of naphthol compounds to substituted α,α-dicyanoolefins; (2) addition of malononitrile to substituted o-vinylphenols; (3) addition of malononitrile to N-protected o-iminophenols; (4) Michael addition of nucleophiles to 2-iminochromene derivatives; and (5) organocatalyzed formal [4+2] cycloaddition reaction. To successfully perform these protocols, bifunctional thiourea organocatalysts [49,50] have been found to be crucial to efficiently promote the most of the abovementioned reactions, where the dual role played by these molecules has been found pivotal for the reactivity and enantioselective induction in all cases. These synthetic strategies are remarkable because they lead to enantiomerically enriched 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromene scaffolds, which have received increasing attention in the last years due to their interesting biological activities. However, because of its importance, more investigation focused on this key scaffold is still needed, and we expect the development of more efficient and complex enantioselective examples in the future.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN. Madrid. Project CTQ2013-44367-C2-1-P), the University of Zaragoza (JIUZ-2014-CIE-07) for financial support of our research and Aragon Regional Government (DGA Research Group E104).

Author Contributions

All authors reviewed the concerning literature, wrote the paper, read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sonsona, I.G.; Marqués-López, E.; Herrera, R.P. Enantioselective Organocatalyzed Synthesis of 2-Amino-3-cyano-4H-chromene Derivatives. Symmetry 2015, 7, 1519-1535. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7031519

AMA Style

Sonsona IG, Marqués-López E, Herrera RP. Enantioselective Organocatalyzed Synthesis of 2-Amino-3-cyano-4H-chromene Derivatives. Symmetry. 2015; 7(3):1519-1535. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7031519

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sonsona, Isaac G., Eugenia Marqués-López, and Raquel P. Herrera. 2015. "Enantioselective Organocatalyzed Synthesis of 2-Amino-3-cyano-4H-chromene Derivatives" Symmetry 7, no. 3: 1519-1535. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym7031519

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