Constraints on the Petrogenesis and Metallogenic Setting of Lamprophyres in the World-Class Zhuxi W–Cu Skarn Deposit, South China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
2.1. Regional Geology
2.2. Ore Deposit Geology
3. Analytical Methods
3.1. LA–ICP–MS Zircon U–Pb Dating
3.2. Whole-Rock Major and Trace Elements Analyses
3.3. Major Elements, Trace Elements, and Sr Isotopes in Apatite
4. Results
4.1. Zircon U–Pb Age
4.2. Whole-Rock Major and Trace Elements
4.3. Major and Trace Elements of Apatite
4.4. Strontium Isotopes of Apatite
5. Discussion
5.1. Petrogenesis of the Zhuxi Lamprophyre
5.1.1. Source Mineralogy
5.1.2. Mantle Metasomatism by Subducted Components
5.2. Significance of Apatite Geochemistry
5.3. Timing of Metasomatic Enrichment and Implication for Metallogenic Setting
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Shu, L. An analysis of principal features of tectonic evolution in South China Block. Geol. Bull. China 2012, 31, 1035–1053. [Google Scholar]
- Hua, R.M.; Chen, P.R.; Zhang, W.L.; Yao, J.M.; Lin, J.F.; Zhang, Z.S.; Gu, S.Y. Metallogenies and their geodynamics setting related to Mesozoic granitoids in the Nanling Range. Geol. J. China Univ. 2005, 11, 291–304. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Mao, J.W.; Xie, G.Q.; Guo, C.L.; Yuan, S.D.; Cheng, Y.B.; Chen, Y.C. Spatial-temporal distribution of Mesozoic ore deposits in South China and their metallogenic settings. Geol. J. China Univ. 2008, 14, 510–526. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Qi, Y.Q.; Hu, R.Z.; Liu, S.; Coulson, I.M.; Qi, H.W.; Tian, J.J.; Zhu, J.J. Petrogenesis and geodynamic setting of Early Cretaceous mafic–ultramafic intrusions, South China: A case study from the Gan–Hang tectonic belt. Lithos 2016, 258–259, 149–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, X.M.; Li, W.X. Origin of Late Mesozoic igneous rocks in Southeastern China: Implications for lithosphere subduction and underplating of mafic magmas. Tectonophysics 2000, 326, 269–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.H.; Chung, S.L.; Zhou, H.W.; Lo, C.H.; Liu, Y.; Chen, C.H. Jurassic intraplate magmatism in southern Hunan-eastern Guangxi: 40Ar/39Ar dating, geochemistry, Sr–Nd isotopes and implications for the tectonic evolution of SE China. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 2004, 226, 193–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Q.; Wyman, D.A.; Xu, J.F.; Zhao, Z.H.; Jian, P.; Xiong, X.L.; Bao, Z.W.; Li, C.F.; Bai, Z.H. Petrogenesis of Cretaceous adakitic and shoshonitic igneous rocks in the Luzong area, Anhui Province (Eastern China): Implications for geodynamics and Cu–Au mineralization. Lithos 2006, 89, 424–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, Z.B.; Liu, S.W.; Zhang, L.F.; Wang, Z.Q.; Wang, W.; Yang, P.T.; Luo, P.; Guo, B.R. Geochemistry, zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopes of an Early Cretaceous intrusive suite in northeastern Jiangxi Province, South China Block: Implications for petrogenesis, crust/mantle interactions and geodynamic processes. Lithos 2014, 200–201, 334–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.J.; Fan, W.M.; Guo, F.; Peng, T.P.; Li, C.W. Geochemistry of Mesozoic Mafic Rocks Adjacent to the Chenzhou-Linwu fault, South China: Implications for the Lithospheric Boundary between the Yangtze and Cathaysia Blocks. Inter. Geol. Rev. 2003, 45, 263–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gan, C.S.; Wang, Y.J.; Barry, T.L.; Zhang, Y.Z.; Qian, X. Late Jurassic high-Mg andesites in the Youjiang Basin and their significance for the southward continuation of the Jiangnan Orogen, South China. Gondwana Res. 2020, 77, 260–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, G.G.; Ni, P.; Yao, J.; Wang, X.L.; Zhao, K.D.; Zhu, R.Z.; Xu, Y.F.; Pan, J.Y.; Li, L.; Zhang, Y.H. The link between subduction-modified lithosphere and the giant Dexing porphyry copper deposit, South China: Constraints from high-Mg adakitic rocks. Ore Geol. Rev. 2015, 67, 109–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vigouroux, N.; Wallace, P.J.; Williams-Jones, G.; Kelley, K.; Kent, A.J.R.; Williams-Jones, A.E. The sources of volatile and fluid-mobile elements in the Sunda arc: A melt inclusion study from Kawah Ijen and Tambora volcanoes, Indonesia. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2012, 13, 1–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mao, J.W.; Xiong, B.K.; Liu, J.; Pirajno, F.; Cheng, Y.B.; Ye, H.S.; Song, S.W.; Dai, P. Molybdenite Re/Os dating, zircon U–Pb age and geochemistry of granitoids in the Yangchuling porphyry W–Mo deposit (Jiangnan tungsten ore belt), China: Implications for petrogenesis, mineralization and geodynamic setting. Lithos 2017, 286–287, 35–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, S.W.; Mao, J.W.; Zhu, Y.F.; Yao, Z.Y.; Chen, G.H.; Rao, J.F.; Ouyang, Y.P. Partial-melting of fertile metasedimentary rocks controlling the ore formation in the Jiangnan porphyry-skarn tungsten belt, South China: A case study at the giant Zhuxi W-Cu skarn deposit. Lithos 2018, 304–307, 180–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X.; Fan, H.R.; Santosh, M.; Hu, F.F.; Yang, K.F.; Li, Q.L.; Yang, Y.H.; Liu, Y.S. Remelting of Neoproterozoic relict volcanic arcs in the Middle Jurassic: Implication for the formation of the Dexing porphyry copper deposit, Southeastern China. Lithos 2012, 150, 85–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.L.; Zhou, J.C.; Griffin, W.L.; Wang, R.C.; Qiu, J.S.; O’Reilly, S.Y.; Xu, X.S.; Liu, X.M.; Zhang, G.L. Detrital zircon geochronology of precambrian basement sequences in the Jiangnan orogen: Dating the assembly of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. Precambrian Res. 2007, 159, 117–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, K.K.; Chen, B.; Deng, J. Ore genesis of the Zhuxi supergiant W-Cu skarn polymetallic deposit, South China: Evidence from scheelite geochemistry. Ore Geol. Rev. 2019, 107, 14–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, C.B.; Rao, J.F.; Chen, J.G.; Ouyang, Y.P.; Qi, S.J.; Li, Q. Prospectivity mapping for “Zhuxi-type” copper-tungsten polymetallic deposits in the Jingdezhen region of Jiangxi Province, South China. Ore Geol. Rev. 2017, 89, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, X.F.; Hou, Z.Q.; Zhao, M.; Chen, G.H.; Rao, J.F.; Li, Y.; Wei, J.; Ouyang, Y.P. Geochronology and geochemistry of the granites from the Zhuxi W(Cu)ore deposit in South China: Implication for petrogenesis, geodynamical setting and mineralization. Lithos 2018, 304–307, 155–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pan, X.F.; Hou, Z.Q.; Li, Y.; Chen, G.H.; Zhao, M.; Zhang, T.F.; Zhang, C.; Wei, J.; Kang, C. Dating the giant Zhuxi W(Cu) deposit (Taqian-Fuchun Ore Belt) in South China using molybdenite Re-Os and muscovite Ar-Ar system. Ore Geol. Rev. 2017, 86, 719–733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, S.W.; Mao, J.W.; Xie, G.Q.; Chen, L.; Santosh, M.; Chen, G.H.; Rao, J.F.; Ouyang, Y.P. In situ LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology and trace element analysis of hydrothermal titanite from the giant Zhuxi W(Cu) skarn deposit, South China. Mineral. Depos. 2019, 54, 569–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.S.; Hu, Z.C.; Gao, S.; Gunther, D.; Xu, J.; Gao, C.G.; Chen, H.H. In Situ analysis of major and trace elements of anhydrous minerals by LA-ICP-MS without applying an internal standard. Chem. Geol. 2008, 257, 34–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, W.; Lu, J.; Jiang, S.Y.; Ying, Y.C.; Liu, Y.S. Radiogenic Pb reservoir contributes to the rare earth element (REE) enrichment in South Qinling carbonatites. Chem. Geol. 2018, 494, 80–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, Y.H.; Jiang, S.Y.; Ling, H.F.; Ni, P. Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Late Jurassic shoshonitic lamprophyre dikes from the Liaodong Peninsula, NE China. Mineral. Petrol. 2010, 100, 127–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, G.Q. Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic Mafic Dikes (bodies) from Southeastern China: Geological and geochemical characteristics and its geodynamics—A case of Jiangxi Province. Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China, 2003. (In Chinese). [Google Scholar]
- Rock, N.M.S. The nature and origin of lamprophyres: An overview. In Alkaline Igneous Rocks; Special Publication; Fitton, J.G., Upton, B.G.J., Eds.; Geological Society of London: London, UK, 1987; Volume 30, pp. 191–226. [Google Scholar]
- Peccerillo, R.; Taylor, S.R. Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, northern Turkey. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1976, 58, 63–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Le Maitre, R.W. Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms, 2nd ed.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2002; pp. 1–236. [Google Scholar]
- Plank, T. The Chemical Composition of Subducting Sediments. In Treatise on Geochemistry; Elsevier: Oxford, UK, 2014; pp. 607–629. [Google Scholar]
- Rudnick, R.L.; Fountain, D.M. Nature and composition of the continental crust: A lower crustal perspective. Rev. Geophys. 1995, 33, 267–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Su, Y.J. Mid-ocean ridge basalt trace element systematics: Constraints from database management, ICPMS analyses, global data compilation and petrologic modeling. Ph.D. Thesis, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, S.S.; McDonough, W.F. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle compositions and processes. In Magmatism in the Ocean Basins; Special Publication; Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J., Eds.; Geological Society of London: London, UK, 1989; Volume 42, pp. 313–345. [Google Scholar]
- Broderick, C.A. The origin of sulfur-rich apatites in silicic magmas. Master’s Thesis, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Malarkey, J.; Pearson, D.G.; Kjarsgaard, B.A.; Davidson, J.P.; Nowell, G.M.; Ottley, C.J.; Stammer, J. From source to crust: Tracing magmatic evolution in a kimberlite and a melilitite using microsample geochemistry. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2010, 299, 80–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foley, S.F.; Jackson, S.E.; Fryer, B.J.; Greenough, J.D.; Jenner, G.A. Trace element partition coefficients for clinopyroxene and phlogopite in an alkaline lamprophyre from Newfoundland by LAM-ICP-MS. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60, 629–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- LaTourette, T.; Hervig, R.L.; Holloway, J.R. Trace element partitioning between amphibole, phlogopite, and basanite melt. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1995, 135, 13–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Furman, T.; Graham, D. Erosion of lithospheric mantle beneath the East African rift system: Geochemical evidence from the Kivu volcanic province. Lithos 1999, 48, 237–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duggen, S.; Hoernle, K.; Bogaard, P.; Garbe-Schonberg, D. Post-collisional transition from subduction to intraplate type magmatism in the westernmost Mediterranean: Evidence for continental-edge delamination of subcontinental lithosphere. J. Petrol. 2005, 46, 1155–1201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McKenzie, D.P.; O’Nions, R.K. Partial melt distributions from inversion of rare earth element concentrations. J. Petrol. 1991, 32, 1021–1091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robinson, J.A.C.; Wood, B.J. The depth of the spinel to garnet transition at the peridotite solidus. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1998, 164, 277–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klemme, S.; O’Neill, H.S.C. The near-solidus transition from garnet lherzolite to spinel lherzolite. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2000, 138, 237–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thirlwall, M.F.; Smith, T.E.; Graham, A.M.; Theodorou, N.; Hollings, P.; Davidson, J.P.; Arculus, R.J. High field strength element anomalies in arc lavas: Source or process? J. Petrol. 1994, 35, 819–838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Willbold, M.; Stracke, A. Formation of enriched mantle components by recycling of upper and lower continental crust. Chem. Geol. 2010, 276, 188–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryerson, F.J.; Watson, E.B. Rutile saturation in magmas: Implications for Ti-Nb-Ta depletion in island-arc basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1987, 86, 225–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foley, S.F.; Barth, M.G.; Jenner, G.A. Rutile/melt partition coefficients for trace elements and an assessment of the influence of rutile on the trace element characteristics of subduction zone magmas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64, 933–938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hofmann, A.W.; Jochum, K.P.; Seufert, M.; White, W.M. Nb and Pb in oceanic basalts: New constraints on mantle evolution. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1986, 79, 33–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hofmann, A.W. Mantle geochemistry: The message from oceanic volcanism. Nature 1997, 385, 219–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rudnick, R.L.; Gao, S. Composition of the continental crust. In Treatise on Geochemistry; Holland, H.D., Turekian, K.K., Eds.; Elsevier-Pergamon: Oxford, UK, 2003; pp. 1–64. [Google Scholar]
- Sims, K.W.W.; De Paolo, D.J. Inferences about mantle magma sources from incompatible element concentration ratios in oceanic basalts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1997, 61, 765–784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Z.Y.; Jiang, S.Y. Diverse lamprophyres origins corresponding to lithospheric thinning: A case study in the Jiurui district of Middle-Lower Yangtze River Belt, South China Craton. Gondwana Res. 2018, 54, 62–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Münker, C.; Pfänder, J.A.; Weyer, S.; Büchl, A.; Kleine, T.; Mezger, K. Evolution of planetary cores and the Earth-Moon system from Nb/Ta systematics. Science 2003, 301, 84–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmidt, A.; Weyer, S.; John, T.; Brey, G.P. HFSE systematics of rutile-bearing eclogites: New insights into subduction zone processes and implications for the earth’s HFSE budget. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73, 455–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- König, S.; Schuth, S. Deep melting of old subducted oceanic crust recorded by superchondritic Nb/Ta in modern island arc lavas. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 301, 265–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karsli, O.; Dokuz, A.; Kaliwoda, M.; Uysal, Y.; Aydin, F.; Kandemir, R.; Fehr, K.T. Petrology and mineralogy of the La Peña igneous complex, Mendoza, Argentina: An alkaline occurrence in the Miocene magmatism of the Southern Central Andes. Lithos 2014, 196–197, 181–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pearce, J.A. Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos 2008, 100, 14–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- LaFlèche, M.R.; Camire, G.; Jenner, G.A. Geochemistry of post Acadian, Carboniferous continental intraplate basalts from the Marimes Basin, Magdalen Islands, Quebec, Canada. Chem. Geol. 1998, 148, 115–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klimm, K.; Blundy, J.D.; Green, T.H. Trace element partitioning and accessory phase saturation during H2O-saturated melting of basalt with implications for subduction zone chemical fluxes. J. Petrol. 2008, 49, 523–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hermann, J.; Rubatto, D. Accessory phase control on the trace element signature of sediment melts in subduction zones. Chem. Geol. 2009, 265, 512–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Hoose, A.E.V.; Streck, M.J.; Pallister, J.S.; Wälle, M. Sulfur evolution of the 1991 Pinatubo magmas based on apatite. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 2013, 257, 72–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Straub, S.; Layne, G.D. The systematics of chlorine, fluorine, and water in Izu arc front volcanic rocks: Implications for volatile recycling in subduction zones. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2003, 67, 4179–4203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Reilly, S.Y.; Griffin, W.L. Apatite in the mantle: Implications for metasomatic processes and high heat production in Phanerozoic mantle. Lithos 2000, 53, 217–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lassiter, J.C.; Hauri, E.H.; Nikogosian, I.K.; Barsczus, H.G. Chlorine-potassium variations in melt inclusions from Raivavae and Rapa, Austral Islands: Constraints on chlorine recycling in the mantle and evidence for brine-induced melting of oceanic crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 202, 525–540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stroncik, N.A.; Haase, K.M. Chlorine in oceanic intraplate basalts: Constraints on mantle sources and recycling processes. Geology 2004, 32, 945–948. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mathez, E.A.; Webster, J.D. Partitioning behavior of chlorine and fluorine in the system apatite-silicate melt-fluid. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69, 1275–1286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hedenqulst, J.W.; Lowenstern, J.B. The role of magmas in the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits. Nature 1994, 18, 519–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boyce, J.W.; Hervig, R.L. Apatite as a monitor of late-stage magmatic processes at Volcán Irazú, Costa Rica. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2009, 157, 135–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baker, L.L.; Rutherford, M.J. Sulfur diffusion in rhyolite melts. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1996, 123, 335–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jugo, P.J.; Luth, R.W.; Richards, J.P. An experimental study of the sulfur content in basaltic melts saturated with immiscible sulfide or sulfate liquids at 1300 °C and 1.0 GPa. J. Petrol. 2005, 46, 783–798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alt, J.C.; Burdett, J.W. Sulfur in Pacific deep-sea sediments (leg 129) and implications for cycling of sediment in subduction zones. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results 1982, 129, 283–294. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, X.M.; Sun, T.; Shen, W.Z.; Shu, L.S.; Niu, Y.L. Petrogenesis of Mesozoic granitoids and volcanic rocks in South China: A response to tectonic evolution. Episodes 2006, 29, 26–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xie, G.Q.; Hu, R.Z.; Zhao, J.H.; Jiang, G.H. Mantle plume and the relationship between it and Mesozoic large-scale metallogenesis in southeastern China: A preliminary discussion. Geotecton. Metallog. 2001, 25, 179–186. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Lu, L.; Liang, T.; Ren, W.Q.; Liu, S.B.; Zhao, Z.; Chen, Z.H.; Liu, Z.Q. Zircon U-Pb dating of the lamprophyre in Taoxikeng tungsten deposit of Chongyi, Southern Jiangxi Province and its geological significance. Earth Sci. Front. 2017, 24, 93–108. [Google Scholar]
- Jiang, Y.H.; Jiang, S.Y.; Zhao, K.D.; Ling, H.F. Petrogenesis of Late Jurassic Qianlishan granites and mafic dykes, Southeast China: Implications for a back-arc extension setting. Geol. Mag. 2006, 143, 457–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jiang, Y.H.; Wang, G.C.; Liu, Z.; Ni, C.Y.; Qing, L.; Zhang, Q. Repeated slab advance—Retreat of the Palaeo-Pacific plate underneath SE China. Inter. Geol. Rev. 2015, 57, 472–491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, S.Y.; Jiang, S.Y.; Zhao, K.D.; Jiang, Y.H.; Ling, H.F.; Luo, L. Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic significance of two Early Cretaceous A-type granites in the Gan-Hang Belt, Southeast China. Lithos 2012, 150, 155–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, J.H.; Asimow, P.D. Neoproterozoic boninite-series rocks in South China: A depleted mantle source modified by sediment-derived melt. Chem. Geol. 2014, 388, 98–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Y.Z.; Wang, Y.J.; Fan, W.M.; Zhang, A.M.; Ma, L.Y. Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the metasomatised source for the Neoproterozoic (~825 Ma) high-mg volcanic rocks from the Cangshuipu area (Hunan Province) along the Jiangnan domain and their tectonic implications. Precambrian Res. 2012, 220–221, 139–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, J.H.; Zhou, M.F. Neoproterozoic high-Mg basalts formed by melting of ambient mantle in South China. Precambrian Res. 2013, 233, 193–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rasmussen, K.L.; Lentz, D.R.; Falck, H.; Pattison, D.R. Felsic magmatic phases and the role of late-stage aplitic dykes in the formation of the world-class Cantung Tungsten skarn deposit, Northwest Territories, Canada. Ore Geol. Rev. 2011, 41, 75–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Štemprok, M.; DolejŠ, D.; Holub, F.V. Late Variscan calc-alkaline lamprophyres in the Krupka ore district, Eastern Krušné hory/Erzgebirge: Their relationship to Sn–W mineralization. J. Geosci. 2014, 59, 41–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pan, X.F.; Hou, Z.Q.; Zhao, M.; Li, Y.; Ouyang, Y.P.; Wei, J.; Yang, Y.S. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope constraints on the genesis of the world-class Zhuxi W(Cu) skarn deposit in South China. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2020, 190. (in press). [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frost, D.J.; McCammon, C.A. The Redox State of Earth’s Mantle. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2008, 36, 389–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soloviev, S.G.; Kryazhev, S.G.; Dvurechenskaya, S.S. Genesis of the Maikhura tungsten-tin skarn deposit, Tajik Tien Shan: Insights from petrology, mineralogy, and fluid inclusion study. Ore Geol. Rev. 2019, 104, 561–588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Analysis Spot | Th | U | 207Pb/235U | 206Pb/238U | rho | 207Pb/235U | 206Pb/238U | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ppm | ppm | Ratio | 1σ | Ratio | 1σ | Age (Ma) | 1σ | Age (Ma) | 1σ | ||
GC4-1 | 110 | 542 | 0.1658 | 0.0059 | 0.0242 | 0.0003 | 0.3298 | 156 | 5.2 | 154 | 1.8 |
GC4-2 | 84.9 | 1138 | 0.1669 | 0.0082 | 0.0243 | 0.0004 | 0.3615 | 157 | 7.2 | 155 | 2.7 |
GC4-3 | 28.6 | 460 | 0.1655 | 0.0076 | 0.0243 | 0.0004 | 0.3185 | 156 | 6.6 | 155 | 2.2 |
GC4-4 | 18.7 | 450 | 0.1811 | 0.0081 | 0.0247 | 0.0003 | 0.2745 | 169 | 7.0 | 158 | 1.9 |
GC4-5 | 68.7 | 538 | 0.1698 | 0.0065 | 0.0248 | 0.0003 | 0.2892 | 159 | 5.6 | 158 | 1.7 |
GC4-6 | 30.1 | 418 | 0.1628 | 0.0086 | 0.0249 | 0.0003 | 0.2323 | 153 | 7.5 | 159 | 1.9 |
GC4-7 | 16.5 | 1260 | 0.1727 | 0.0049 | 0.0249 | 0.0002 | 0.3450 | 162 | 4.3 | 159 | 1.5 |
GC4-8 | 156 | 556 | 0.1778 | 0.0067 | 0.0250 | 0.0003 | 0.3155 | 166 | 5.8 | 159 | 1.9 |
GC4-9 | 132 | 1459 | 0.1680 | 0.0047 | 0.0252 | 0.0002 | 0.3476 | 158 | 4.1 | 160 | 1.5 |
GC4-10 | 30.3 | 374 | 0.1620 | 0.0066 | 0.0255 | 0.0004 | 0.3389 | 152 | 5.8 | 162 | 2.2 |
GC4-11 | 41.4 | 848 | 0.1884 | 0.0070 | 0.0255 | 0.0004 | 0.4335 | 175 | 6.0 | 162 | 2.6 |
Sample | SiO2 | TiO2 | Al2O3 | TFe2O3 * | MnO | MgO | CaO | Na2O | K2O | P2O5 | LOI | Total | Li | Be | Sc | Cr | V | Co | Ni | Cs | Pb | U | Sr | Rb | Ba | Th |
ZX109 | 59.04 | 0.95 | 14.10 | 5.93 | 0.08 | 3.75 | 4.84 | 2.01 | 4.06 | 0.49 | 4.73 | 99.98 | 174 | 3.61 | 16.62 | 90.3 | 120 | 18.23 | 57.6 | 36.9 | 12.8 | 2.34 | 587 | 251 | 1550 | 22.8 |
ZX110 | 59.63 | 1.00 | 14.29 | 5.93 | 0.10 | 3.95 | 3.61 | 2.14 | 4.96 | 0.45 | 3.01 | 99.07 | 174 | 3.61 | 16.33 | 92.1 | 118 | 17.67 | 58.5 | 36.1 | 12.8 | 2.18 | 583 | 249 | 1577 | 22.1 |
ZX111 | 60.27 | 1.01 | 14.52 | 6.11 | 0.10 | 4.19 | 3.86 | 2.18 | 3.48 | 0.46 | 3.53 | 99.71 | 173 | 2.86 | 16.70 | 101 | 124 | 19.54 | 63.7 | 28.3 | 13.0 | 2.11 | 792 | 166 | 1562 | 18.9 |
ZX112 | 60.76 | 1.01 | 14.48 | 6.41 | 0.09 | 3.92 | 3.72 | 2.48 | 2.52 | 0.44 | 3.78 | 99.61 | 157 | 2.97 | 17.35 | 105 | 126 | 20.09 | 65.1 | 32.2 | 12.9 | 2.06 | 767 | 151 | 1010 | 19.0 |
ZX113 | 58.98 | 0.93 | 13.95 | 5.92 | 0.09 | 3.86 | 5.06 | 3.19 | 3.90 | 0.48 | 2.98 | 99.34 | 69.97 | 3.69 | 16.83 | 102 | 126 | 18.34 | 61.3 | 15.5 | 16.7 | 2.37 | 760 | 180 | 1113 | 21.9 |
Sample | Ta | Nb | Zr | Hf | Y | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Cu | Zn | Ga | Mo | Sn | W | Bi |
ZX109 | 0.68 | 11.34 | 296 | 7.98 | 25.40 | 90.62 | 184.2 | 20.11 | 72.08 | 11.74 | 3.41 | 11.77 | 1.12 | 5.00 | 0.97 | 2.76 | 0.34 | 2.21 | 0.33 | 87.5 | 58.1 | 23.9 | 1.05 | 5.01 | 1.50 | 0.70 |
ZX110 | 0.67 | 11.23 | 298 | 7.91 | 25.31 | 89.36 | 181.9 | 19.93 | 73.44 | 11.59 | 3.40 | 11.73 | 1.11 | 4.99 | 0.97 | 2.73 | 0.34 | 2.21 | 0.32 | 90.3 | 60.9 | 23.8 | 1.67 | 5.05 | 1.45 | 0.69 |
ZX111 | 0.73 | 11.53 | 294 | 7.90 | 26.59 | 88.90 | 185.8 | 20.32 | 73.58 | 11.71 | 3.27 | 11.92 | 1.14 | 5.19 | 1.03 | 2.91 | 0.38 | 2.46 | 0.36 | 28.1 | 62.8 | 24.8 | 0.56 | 2.65 | 1.65 | 0.15 |
ZX112 | 0.73 | 12.05 | 297 | 7.96 | 27.19 | 88.16 | 179.5 | 19.79 | 73.27 | 11.50 | 2.94 | 11.58 | 1.14 | 5.31 | 1.05 | 2.98 | 0.39 | 2.51 | 0.37 | 35.5 | 57.3 | 25.2 | 0.43 | 6.50 | 1.69 | 0.19 |
ZX113 | 0.66 | 11.50 | 299 | 7.85 | 25.27 | 89.70 | 182.8 | 19.86 | 73.87 | 11.43 | 2.99 | 11.51 | 1.10 | 4.84 | 0.95 | 2.70 | 0.34 | 2.20 | 0.32 | 144 | 62.6 | 24.6 | 1.77 | 4.06 | 1.67 | 0.48 |
Sample | GC-4-1 | GC-4-2 | GC-4-3 | GC-4-4 | GC-4-5 | GC-4-6 | GC-4-7 | GC-4-8 | GC-4-9 | GC-4-10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MgO | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.44 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.31 | 0.25 |
SiO2 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
MnO | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
FeOt | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.18 | 0.44 | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.36 |
CaO | 53.82 | 53.96 | 53.54 | 54.22 | 53.74 | 54.21 | 53.65 | 53.92 | 54.16 | 54.01 |
TiO2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Na2O | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.26 |
K2O | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Al2O3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
P2O5 | 40.26 | 40.40 | 39.51 | 40.35 | 39.69 | 40.34 | 40.26 | 39.82 | 40.04 | 40.72 |
SrO | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.20 |
F | 2.11 | 1.85 | 2.31 | 2.15 | 1.96 | 2.30 | 2.06 | 1.92 | 2.16 | 2.03 |
Cl | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.57 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.57 | 0.38 | 0.53 |
SO3 | 1.01 | 0.91 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 1.09 | 0.93 | 1.12 | 0.89 | 0.79 | 1.08 |
Total | 97.88 | 97.84 | 97.07 | 98.05 | 97.74 | 98.32 | 97.97 | 97.40 | 97.78 | 98.71 |
Li | 1.44 | 1.10 | 1.48 | 1.33 | 1.28 | 0.91 | 1.53 | 1.48 | 1.22 | 1.63 |
Be | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
B | 2.52 | 2.18 | 3.58 | 3.04 | 2.20 | 3.32 | 3.85 | 1.06 | 1.96 | 1.75 |
Sc | 0.93 | 1.51 | 1.03 | 0.95 | 1.03 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 1.45 | 1.33 | 1.52 |
V | 25.28 | 24.23 | 25.51 | 28.03 | 21.79 | 18.77 | 18.93 | 22.08 | 27.91 | 18.65 |
Cr | 0.85 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.00 |
Co | 0.61 | 0.75 | 0.43 | 0.19 | 0.41 | 0.78 | 0.72 | 0.16 | 0.66 | 0.52 |
Ni | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.41 | 0.57 |
Cu | 0.39 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.45 | 0.08 | 0.40 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.55 |
Zn | 0.75 | 1.22 | 1.58 | 0.82 | 1.33 | 1.59 | 1.56 | 2.05 | 1.84 | 1.92 |
Ga | 14.16 | 16.40 | 22.13 | 18.73 | 16.73 | 13.32 | 15.85 | 18.94 | 14.32 | 12.99 |
Ge | 20.62 | 26.14 | 35.22 | 31.09 | 25.63 | 21.51 | 23.80 | 25.67 | 24.32 | 18.77 |
As | 6.10 | 6.58 | 7.48 | 6.54 | 7.08 | 5.35 | 5.35 | 8.44 | 7.16 | 5.08 |
Rb | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
Sr | 5502 | 5890 | 5027 | 6080 | 5763 | 5303 | 5269 | 5050 | 5544 | 4763 |
Y | 146 | 162 | 222 | 175 | 160 | 125 | 144 | 193 | 144 | 144 |
Zr | 7.50 | 8.28 | 12.92 | 7.64 | 9.22 | 8.28 | 8.39 | 11.93 | 7.74 | 10.04 |
Nb | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
Mo | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.15 |
Cd | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.33 | 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.30 |
In | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Sn | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.11 | 0.34 | 0.25 |
Sb | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
Cs | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Ba | 49.22 | 55.01 | 36.45 | 43.75 | 45.31 | 53.17 | 41.34 | 33.78 | 50.79 | 40.05 |
La | 1413 | 1581 | 2107 | 1725 | 1648 | 1281 | 1455 | 1769 | 1437 | 1281 |
Ce | 3118 | 3483 | 4746 | 3869 | 3617 | 2824 | 3290 | 4128 | 3185 | 2902 |
Pr | 408 | 460 | 617 | 507 | 474 | 371 | 437 | 544 | 420 | 385 |
Nd | 1769 | 1989 | 2649 | 2188 | 2053 | 1612 | 1894 | 2332 | 1806 | 1667 |
Sm | 236 | 266 | 363 | 289 | 275 | 216 | 257 | 324 | 242 | 230 |
Eu | 49.79 | 56.62 | 73.56 | 60.12 | 57.99 | 45.59 | 52.94 | 65.50 | 50.06 | 47.27 |
Gd | 124.9 | 140.2 | 190.7 | 149.9 | 143.6 | 112.8 | 137.0 | 167.5 | 125.0 | 121.5 |
Tb | 10.14 | 11.65 | 16.01 | 12.38 | 11.54 | 9.19 | 11.10 | 13.95 | 10.51 | 10.27 |
Dy | 39.43 | 44.18 | 61.63 | 47.46 | 44.29 | 33.97 | 40.94 | 53.90 | 39.22 | 38.84 |
Ho | 5.87 | 6.39 | 9.01 | 6.93 | 6.39 | 5.10 | 5.78 | 7.75 | 5.75 | 5.82 |
Er | 11.44 | 12.82 | 17.69 | 13.58 | 12.86 | 9.75 | 11.22 | 15.68 | 11.28 | 11.38 |
Tm | 1.10 | 1.27 | 1.82 | 1.43 | 1.24 | 1.01 | 1.14 | 1.55 | 1.17 | 1.22 |
Yb | 6.49 | 6.88 | 9.60 | 7.43 | 7.15 | 5.25 | 6.03 | 8.30 | 6.35 | 6.43 |
Lu | 0.80 | 0.90 | 1.24 | 0.96 | 0.79 | 0.63 | 0.74 | 1.02 | 0.72 | 0.73 |
Hf | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.09 |
Ta | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
W | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
Bi | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
Pb | 12.18 | 13.14 | 13.39 | 14.94 | 13.54 | 15.24 | 13.85 | 13.41 | 11.54 | 12.32 |
Th | 38.67 | 47.53 | 78.85 | 48.94 | 45.20 | 34.34 | 45.60 | 68.03 | 44.94 | 43.01 |
U | 3.37 | 3.67 | 5.64 | 4.05 | 3.38 | 2.84 | 3.77 | 5.01 | 3.47 | 3.34 |
87Sr/86Sr | 0.70775 | 0.70782 | 0.70774 | 0.70785 | 0.70774 | 0.70780 | 0.70768 | 0.70765 | 0.70757 | 0.70770 |
error | 0.00012 | 0.00008 | 0.00009 | 0.00007 | 0.00009 | 0.00008 | 0.00010 | 0.00010 | 0.00011 | 0.00005 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhang, W.; Jiang, S.-Y.; Gao, T.; Ouyang, Y.; Zhang, D. Constraints on the Petrogenesis and Metallogenic Setting of Lamprophyres in the World-Class Zhuxi W–Cu Skarn Deposit, South China. Minerals 2020, 10, 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10070642
Zhang W, Jiang S-Y, Gao T, Ouyang Y, Zhang D. Constraints on the Petrogenesis and Metallogenic Setting of Lamprophyres in the World-Class Zhuxi W–Cu Skarn Deposit, South China. Minerals. 2020; 10(7):642. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10070642
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Wei, Shao-Yong Jiang, Tianshan Gao, Yongpeng Ouyang, and Di Zhang. 2020. "Constraints on the Petrogenesis and Metallogenic Setting of Lamprophyres in the World-Class Zhuxi W–Cu Skarn Deposit, South China" Minerals 10, no. 7: 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10070642