Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids Increase Cd Accumulation in Sunflowers through Increasing Cd Bioavailability and Reducing Cd Toxicity to Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Soil Preparation
2.2. Experimental Design and Sampling
2.3. Measurement
2.3.1. Plant Height, Biomass, and Nonprotein Sulfhydryl (NPT)
2.3.2. Soil Index
2.3.3. Cadmium in the Plant Tissues and Soil
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Plant Height and Biomass
3.2. Cd Form in Soil
3.3. Nonprotein Sulfhydryl (NPT) in Plant Tissues
3.4. The Relationship between Soil Cd, Soil NPK, and Plant Cd
4. Discussion
4.1. The Effect of Organic Acid on Plant Growth and Soil TN and TP
4.2. The Effects of Organic Acids on Soil Cd
4.3. Organic Acids Are Beneficial to the Cd Detoxification of Plants
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Acid | Abbreviation | Concentration (%) |
---|---|---|
Glacial acetic acid | AA | 99.8 |
Oxalic acid | OA | 99.99 |
Citric acid monohydrate | CA | 99.99 |
DL-malic acid | MA | 99.99 |
DL-tartaric acid | TA | 99.99 |
Indexes | Root Cd | Stem Cd | Leaf Cd | Bud Cd | Exchangeable Cd | Carbonate Cd | Fe-Mn Oxide Cd | Organic Cd | Residue Cd | Soil Total cd | TN | TP | AK |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root Cd | 1.0000 | ||||||||||||
Stem Cd | −0.340 ** | 1.0000 | |||||||||||
Leaf Cd | 0.0530 | 0.0490 | 1.0000 | ||||||||||
Bud Cd | −0.219 * | 0.648 ** | 0.291 ** | 1.0000 | |||||||||
Exchangeable Cd | 0.0200 | 0.0210 | 0.302 ** | 0.0250 | 1.0000 | ||||||||
Carbonate Cd | −0.0540 | −0.1030 | −0.0510 | −0.0800 | −0.414 ** | 1.0000 | |||||||
Fe-Mn oxide Cd | −0.1830 | 0.306 ** | −0.1560 | 0.319 ** | −0.1520 | 0.0040 | 1.0000 | ||||||
Organic Cd | 0.0560 | 0.1150 | −0.0230 | 0.239 * | −0.0730 | 0.0960 | 0.628 ** | 1.0000 | |||||
Residue Cd | 0.0280 | 0.0140 | 0.1360 | 0.0210 | 0.0880 | −0.403 ** | −0.348 ** | −0.370 ** | 1.0000 | ||||
Soil total Cd | −0.1360 | 0.1210 | 0.1960 | 0.1620 | 0.373 ** | 0.397 ** | 0.282 ** | 0.1940 | 0.1410 | 1.0000 | |||
TN | 0.0210 | 0.208 * | 0.1540 | 0.1550 | 0.0240 | 0.0000 | −0.0540 | 0.0740 | −0.0310 | −0.0330 | 1.0000 | ||
TP | 0.345 ** | −0.208 * | 0.0140 | −0.1910 | 0.255 * | −0.219 * | −0.215 * | −0.0770 | −0.0100 | −0.1570 | 0.1840 | 1.0000 | |
AK | −0.0520 | 0.1110 | −0.1540 | 0.0040 | −0.0220 | 0.0080 | 0.0480 | −0.0510 | 0.0580 | 0.0600 | −0.0360 | 0.1100 | 1.0000 |
Indexes | Root | Stem | Leaf | Bud | Shoot | Total Biomass |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TN | 0.135 | 0.082 | 0.069 | 0.007 | 0.073 | 0.081 |
TP | 0.185 | 0.236 * | 0.235 * | 0.113 | 0.250 * | 0.250 * |
AK | 0.002 | −0.044 | −0.014 | −0.06 | −0.045 | −0.042 |
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Lu, H.; Qiao, D.; Han, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Bai, F.; Wang, Y. Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids Increase Cd Accumulation in Sunflowers through Increasing Cd Bioavailability and Reducing Cd Toxicity to Plants. Minerals 2021, 11, 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11030243
Lu H, Qiao D, Han Y, Zhao Y, Bai F, Wang Y. Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids Increase Cd Accumulation in Sunflowers through Increasing Cd Bioavailability and Reducing Cd Toxicity to Plants. Minerals. 2021; 11(3):243. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11030243
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Hongfei, Dongmei Qiao, Yang Han, Yulong Zhao, Fangfang Bai, and Yadan Wang. 2021. "Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids Increase Cd Accumulation in Sunflowers through Increasing Cd Bioavailability and Reducing Cd Toxicity to Plants" Minerals 11, no. 3: 243. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11030243