Açaí Biochar and Compost Affect the Phosphorus Sorption, Nutrient Availability, and Growth of Dioclea apurensis in Iron Mining Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling of Fe Mining Soil
2.2. Production and Characterization of Biochar and Compost
2.3. Plant Growth in the Greenhouse
2.4. Chemical Properties
2.5. Plant Analyses
2.6. Phosphorus Adsorption
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Mining Soil Properties
3.2. Effect of Açaí Biochar and Compost on P Adsorption
3.3. Dioclea apurensis Growth
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Açaí Biochar and Compost on the Properties of Fe Mining Soil
4.2. Phosphorus Sorption
4.3. Dioclea apurensis Growth
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Unit | Biochar | Compost |
---|---|---|---|
pH | - | 6.7 | 7.2 |
N * | % | 2.2 | 0.91 |
Na * | % | 0.02 | 0.14 |
K * | % | 0.8 | 0.12 |
S * | % | 0.08 | 0.21 |
Ca * | % | 0.1 | 4.34 |
Mg * | % | 0.11 | 0.28 |
C * | % | 72.2 | 25.32 |
P | mg∙dm−3 | 2910 | 1660 |
B | mg∙dm−3 | 10.0 | 20.0 |
Cu | mg∙dm−3 | 20.9 | 27.4 |
Fe | mg∙dm−3 | 0.03 | 3.65 |
Mn | mg∙dm−3 | 524 | 1320 |
Zn | mg∙dm−3 | 32 | 52 |
CEC | cmolc∙dm−3 | 785.6 | 1159.1 |
Sample | Langmuir | Freundlich | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KL | Adsmax | R2 | KF | 1/n | R2 | |
W | 0.05b | 1452.5a | 0.99 | 309.4a | 3.46a | 0.93 |
OC | 0.05b | 1564.7a | 0.90 | 299.4a | 3.16a | 0.78 |
BC | 0.07a | 1144.2b | 0.99 | 333.6b | 4.27b | 0.87 |
Treatments | N | P | K | Ca | Mg | S | B * | Cu * | Fe * | Mn * | Zn * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
---------------------- g · kg−1---------------------- | ------------------- mg∙kg−1--------------------- | ||||||||||
Aerial part | |||||||||||
OC-0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BC-0 | 21.3 a | 1.0 b | 17.8 a | 9.1 b | 5.6 a | 2.2 a | 37.9 a | 2.3 b | 251.5 a | 812.3 a | 36.4 a |
W-0 | 24.2 a | 0.6 b | 13.8 a | 8.7 b | 4.7 a | 1.4 b | 39.3 a | 5.9 a | 213.8 a | 855.7 a | 43.7 a |
OC-40 | 18.8 a | 0.5 b | 18.1 a | 17.5 a | 3.2 b | 1.8 a | 35.3 a | 2.6 b | 229.1 a | 86.3 c | 30.5 a |
BC-40 | 20.5 a | 0.7 b | 21.6 a | 7.8 b | 4.9 a | 1.5 b | 39.0 a | 2.8 b | 307.3 a | 646.1 b | 32.4 a |
W-40 | 21.4 a | 0.7 b | 12.1 b | 7.8 b | 4.1 a | 1.3 b | 39.4 a | 5.5 a | 222.2 a | 616.6 b | 48.7 a |
OC-80 | 18.3 a | 0.6 b | 19.6 a | 17.1 a | 3.5 b | 1.7 a | 40.4 a | 2.4 b | 215.4 a | 93.4 c | 17.4 b |
BC-80 | 19.8 a | 0.9 b | 22.0 a | 7.8 b | 4.3 a | 1.5 b | 42.3 a | 3.2 b | 198.2 a | 761.4 a | 24.3 b |
W-80 | 18.6 a | 0.8 b | 9.9 b | 8.4 b | 3.1 b | 1.3 b | 37.9 a | 3.8 b | 219.6 a | 536.6 b | 40.5 a |
OC-120 | 18.0 a | 0.5 b | 18.9 a | 18.3 a | 4.4 a | 1.8 a | 47.4 a | 2.4 b | 224.7 a | 92.5 c | 11.2 b |
BC-120 | 19.3 a | 1.0 b | 21.9 a | 9.1 b | 4.2 a | 1.9 a | 40.5 a | 1.5 b | 192.4 a | 777.5 a | 25.9 b |
W-120 | 20.0 a | 0.8 b | 9.0 b | 7.1 b | 3.3 b | 1.3 b | 34.6 a | 3.2 b | 181.1 a | 490.0 b | 29.5 a |
OC-240 | 18.9 a | 0.8 b | 18.5 b | 17.8 a | 3.4 b | 1.9 a | 43.2 a | 1.8 b | 152.9 a | 72.4 c | 7.0 b |
BC-240 | 21.3 a | 2.1 a | 23.4 a | 7.7 b | 5.0 a | 2.5 a | 42.5 a | 2.1 b | 201.3 a | 833.7 a | 32.4 a |
W-240 | 22.8 a | 1.1 b | 8.1 b | 6.2 b | 2.9 b | 1.6 b | 24.9 b | 3.4 b | 235.3 a | 513.0 b | 35.1 a |
Root | |||||||||||
OC-0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
BC-0 | 24.0 a | 0.9 c | 16.9 c | 3.5 d | 3.4 a | 2.8 b | |||||
W-0 | 25.2 a | 0.9 c | 8.1 e | 3.9 d | 3.3 a | 2.1 d | |||||
OC-40 | 19.3 c | 0.7 c | 8.4 e | 9.0 c | 3.3 a | 1.9 e | |||||
BC-40 | 21.2 b | 1.0 c | 14.4 d | 3.6 d | 3.2 a | 1.9 e | |||||
W-40 | 20.2 b | 1.1 c | 7.8 e | 3.2 d | 4.6 a | 1.9 e | |||||
OC-80 | 18.9 c | 1.0 c | 11.1 e | 7.9 b | 3.9 a | 2.8 b | |||||
BC-80 | 23.7 a | 1.6 b | 19.1 b | 3.5 d | 4.3 a | 2.7 b | |||||
W-80 | 23.7 a | 1.6 b | 9.3 e | 3.1 d | 4.4 a | 2.1 d | |||||
OC-120 | 17.3 c | 0.8 c | 9.6 e | 7.5 a | 3.6 a | 2.2 c | |||||
BC-120 | 21.6 b | 1.8 b | 21.9 a | 3.6 d | 3.6 a | 3.3 a | |||||
W-120 | 20.4 b | 1.4 b | 7.7 e | 3.6 d | 4.2 a | 2.3 c | |||||
OC-240 | 17.7 c | 1.7 b | 9.8 e | 8.8 a | 3.5 a | 2.5 c | |||||
BC-240 | 24.6 a | 4.5 a | 17.4 c | 3.5 d | 3.7 a | 3.1 a | |||||
W-240 | 23.3 a | 3.8 a | 8.7 e | 4.1 d | 4.6 a | 2.4 c |
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Ramos, S.J.; Pinto, D.A.; Guedes, R.S.; Dias, Y.N.; Caldeira, C.F.; Gastauer, M.; Souza-Filho, P.W.; Fernandes, A.R. Açaí Biochar and Compost Affect the Phosphorus Sorption, Nutrient Availability, and Growth of Dioclea apurensis in Iron Mining Soil. Minerals 2021, 11, 674. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070674
Ramos SJ, Pinto DA, Guedes RS, Dias YN, Caldeira CF, Gastauer M, Souza-Filho PW, Fernandes AR. Açaí Biochar and Compost Affect the Phosphorus Sorption, Nutrient Availability, and Growth of Dioclea apurensis in Iron Mining Soil. Minerals. 2021; 11(7):674. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070674
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamos, Sílvio Junio, Duane Azevedo Pinto, Rafael Silva Guedes, Yan Nunes Dias, Cecílio Fróis Caldeira, Markus Gastauer, Pedro Walfir Souza-Filho, and Antonio Rodrigues Fernandes. 2021. "Açaí Biochar and Compost Affect the Phosphorus Sorption, Nutrient Availability, and Growth of Dioclea apurensis in Iron Mining Soil" Minerals 11, no. 7: 674. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070674