Mercury Anomaly in Oligocene–Miocene Maykop Group Sediments (Caucasus Continental Collision Zone): Mercury Hosts, Distribution, and Sources
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Kerch Peninsula and Maykop Group Sediments: Geological Background
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sampling
3.2. Analytical Procedures
4. Results
4.1. Particle Size Distribution
4.2. Organic Carbon and Sulfur
4.3. Total Hg
4.4. Sulfidic Mercury and Sulfide Mineralization
5. Discussion
5.1. Potential Mercury Sources in Maykop Group Sediments
5.2. Mercury Loading of Maykop Group Sediments: Sulfides versus Organic Matter
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mud Volcano | Latitude N | Longitude E | Extruded Sediments | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bulganak field | 45.422943 | 36.477616 | Middle Maykop shale | Largest MV area of moderate permanent activity. Numerous lakes, gryphons, pools, and springs in a 0.5 × 2 km2 depression. |
Korolevsky | 45.266804 | 35.784866 | Middle Maykop shale | Large conical hill, 20 m high, with a 350 × 300 m2 base. |
Big Tarkhan | 45.440701 | 36.437739 | Middle Maykop shale | Seepages clustering within a 60 × 100 m2 saucer-shaped depression |
Vladislavovsky | 45.155876 | 35.437780 | Upper Maykop shale | A cluster of 14 small edifices (1–1.5 m high; craters 2.5 to 5 m in diameter), with small gryphons on flat tops |
Soldatsko–Slobodsky | 45.329207 | 36.450946 | Upper Maykop shale | Flat-topped hill (~2 m high) on a 70 × 110 m2 base, with ten small (≤30 cm) seepages |
Eny–Kale | 45.377930 | 36.617920 | Upper Maykop shale | About ten small gryphons and seepages clustering within a small dome |
Nasyr | 45.290809 | 35.681821 | Upper Maykop shale | Conical edifice (8 m high, 175 × 250 m2 base) with several small gryphons and seepages on the flat top. Erupted mud is impregnated with oil and bitumen. |
Tobichek | 45.153527 | 36.377339 | Upper Maykop shale | Group of ten small bubbling seepages (15–50 cm in diameter) fringed by bitumen crusts |
Sample | Mud Volcano | Fraction Percentage, % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sand | Silt | Clay | ||
B-3-E | Bulganak | 17.0 | 73.7 | 9.30 |
B-3-4 | Bulganak | 16.5 | 71.0 | 12.5 |
B-3-7 | Bulganak | 4.70 | 88.0 | 7.30 |
O-1-2 | Bulganak | 24.3 | 64.3 | 11.4 |
O-1-3 | Bulganak | 13.2 | 75.1 | 11.7 |
203-1-1 | Bulganak | 16.6 | 69.7 | 13.8 |
203-1 | Bulganak | 20.3 | 66.7 | 13.0 |
203-2 | Bulganak | 15.9 | 69.0 | 15.1 |
Tish-5-6 | Bulganak | 15.0 | 71.2 | 13.8 |
Kr-3-1 | Korolevsky | 12.3 | 70.2 | 17.6 |
Kr-3-2 | Korolevsky | 22.2 | 65.9 | 12.0 |
Kr-4-2 | Korolevsky | 14.0 | 67.1 | 18.9 |
Kr-5-1 | Korolevsky | 15.6 | 77.5 | 6.90 |
Kr-6-8 | Korolevsky | 37.8 | 52.1 | 10.1 |
204-3 | Big Tarkhan | 30.9 | 63.5 | 5.60 |
V-2-2 | Vladislavovsky | 34.9 | 52.2 | 13.0 |
V-4-5 | Vladislavovsky | 25.1 | 64.8 | 10.0 |
V-4-8 | Vladislavovsky | 34.6 | 55.2 | 10.2 |
SS-1-2 | Soldatsko–Slobodsky | 15.1 | 73.7 | 11.3 |
SS-2-2 | Soldatsko–Slobodsky | 22.0 | 64.2 | 13.8 |
SS-43-1 | Soldatsko–Slobodsky | 11.9 | 73.8 | 14.3 |
SS-1-1 | Soldatsko–Slobodsky | 27.2 | 61.4 | 11.4 |
SS-3-1 | Soldatsko–Slobodsky | 18.1 | 68.6 | 13.3 |
E-4-6 | Eny–Kale | 8.60 | 85.0 | 6.40 |
E-4-7 | Eny–Kale | 13.5 | 79.2 | 7.30 |
N-1-7 | Nasyr | 40.4 | 55.6 | 4.00 |
N-1-9 | Nasyr | 46.7 | 49.5 | 3.80 |
TB-2-7 | Tobichek | 40.3 | 48.9 | 10.9 |
TB-2-6 | Tobichek | 42.5 | 54.3 | 3.20 |
TB-2-9 | Tobichek | 52.8 | 43.7 | 3.50 |
Sample | Hg, µg/kg | HgS, µg/kg | TOC, wt% | Hg/TOC, µg/kg/wt% | TS, wt% | S2–, wt% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulganak field | ||||||
B-1-2 | 440 | – | 0.80 | 550 | – | – |
B-3-E | 670 | 230 ± 20 | 0.30 | 2233 | – | – |
B-3-4 | 900 | 230 ± 90 | 0.30 | 3000 | – | – |
B-3-4а | 500 | – | 0.90 | 556 | – | – |
B-3-4б | 540 | – | 0.90 | 600 | – | – |
B-3-6 | 380 | – | 0.80 | 475 | – | – |
B-3-6а | 590 | – | 0.90 | 656 | – | – |
B-3-7 | 510 | – | 0.60 | 850 | 0.12 | 0.10 |
B-4-4 | 130 | – | 1.00 | 130 | – | – |
B-36 | 270 | – | 0.80 | 338 | – | – |
B-5-4 | 170 | – | 0.80 | 213 | – | – |
B-6-2 | 140 | – | 0.60 | 233 | – | – |
B-7-1 | 160 | – | 0.60 | 267 | – | – |
B-05-2 | 690 | – | 0.80 | 863 | – | – |
О-1-1 | 480 | – | 0.80 | 600 | – | – |
О-1-2 | 420 | 100 ± 10 | 0.90 | 467 | 0.27 | – |
О-1-3 | 460 | 100 ± 10 | 0.80 | 575 | – | – |
202-2 | 470 | – | 0.80 | 588 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
202-4а | 400 | – | 0.80 | 500 | – | – |
203-1-1 | 760 | 230 ± 20 | 0.60 | 1267 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
203-1-1g | 490 | – | 0.50 | 980 | – | – |
203-1tv | 600 | 210 ± 1 | 0.60 | 1000 | 0.48 | 0.13 |
203-2 | 480 | 210 ± 3 | 0.60 | 800 | 0.21 | 0.12 |
Tish-5-1 | 220 | – | 1.00 | 220 | – | – |
Tish-5-6 | 320 | 110 ± 1 | 0.90 | 356 | – | – |
Tish-5-2 | 240 | – | 1.00 | 240 | – | – |
Korolevsky mud volcano | ||||||
Kr-1 | 170 | – | 1.20 | 142 | – | – |
Kr-1-3 | 120 | – | 1.10 | 109 | – | – |
Kr-1-6 | 130 | – | 0.40 | 325 | – | – |
Kr-2-1 | 98 | – | 0.30 | 327 | – | – |
Kr-2-3 | 130 | – | 0.80 | 163 | – | – |
Kr-3-1 | 390 | 150 ± 10 | 0.90 | 433 | – | – |
Kr-3-2 | 640 | 140 ± 10 | 0.90 | 711 | – | – |
Kr-3-4 | 270 | – | 0.60 | 450 | – | – |
Kr-4-1 | 220 | – | 0.90 | 244 | – | – |
Kr-4-2 | 520 | 250 ± 1 | 0.50 | 1040 | 0.62 | 0.14 |
Kr-5-1 | 340 | 240 ± 9 | 0.60 | 567 | – | – |
Kr-6-5 | 200 | – | 1.10 | 182 | – | – |
Kr-6-8 | 920 | 140 ± 10 | 0.90 | 1022 | – | – |
Kr-6-8а | 200 | – | 1.00 | 200 | – | – |
Kr-6-9 | 250 | – | 0.60 | 417 | – | – |
Big Tarkhan mud volcano | ||||||
204-3 | 190 | – | 0.70 | 271 | 0.12 | – |
ТР-1-7 | 290 | – | 0.70 | 414 | – | – |
Sample | Hg, µg/kg | HgS, µg/kg | TOC, wt% | Hg/TOC, µg/kg/wt% | TS, wt% | S2–, wt% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vladislavovsky mud volcano | ||||||
V-2-2 | 29 | – | 0.80 | 36 | – | – |
V-3-9 | 39 | <0.20 | 1.00 | 39 | 0.13 | 0.08 |
V-3-7 | 10 | – | 1.30 | 8 | – | – |
V-4-5a | 33 | 10 ± 1 | 2.20 | 15 | – | – |
V-4-7 | 31 | – | 1.60 | 19 | – | – |
V-4-8 | 48 | – | 1.00 | 48 | – | – |
V-3-8 | 26 | – | 1.40 | 19 | – | – |
V-4-5 | 49 | – | 1.60 | 31 | – | – |
Soldatsko–Slobodsky mud volcano | ||||||
SS-1-2 | 38 | <0.20 | 0.67 | 57 | – | – |
SS-1-3 | 37 | 13 ± 1 | 1.30 | 29 | – | – |
SS-2-1 | 13 | – | 0.60 | 22 | 0.17 | – |
SS-2-2 | 42 | <0.20 | 0.90 | 47 | – | – |
SS-2-3 | 26 | – | 1.20 | 22 | – | – |
SS-2-4 | 16 | – | 0.60 | 27 | – | – |
SS-3-2 | 35 | – | 0.60 | 58 | – | – |
SS-43-1 | 41 | <0.20 | 0.30 | 137 | – | – |
SS-1-1 | 38 | <0.20 | 0.67 | 57 | 0.08 | – |
SS-3-1 | 45 | <0.20 | 0.67 | 67 | 0.16 | – |
Eny–Kale mud volcano | ||||||
Е-2-5 | 47 | – | 1.50 | 31 | – | – |
Е-2-6 | 31 | – | 1.00 | 31 | – | – |
E-2-7 | 52 | <0.20 | 1.20 | 43 | – | – |
Е-2-7а | 36 | <0.20 | 1.20 | 30 | – | – |
E-2-9 | 40 | – | 1.50 | 27 | 0.09 | – |
E-4-2 | 53 | – | 1.40 | 38 | – | – |
Е-4-2а | 63 | <0.20 | 1.60 | 39 | – | – |
E-4-5 | 14 | – | 1.20 | 12 | – | – |
E-4-6 | 46 | <0.20 | 0.60 | 77 | – | – |
Nasyr mud volcano | ||||||
N-1-7 | 23 | <0.20 | 4.0 | 6 | – | – |
N-1-8 | 30 | – | 3.4 | 9 | – | – |
N-1-9 | 16 | – | 2.7 | 6 | 0.11 | 0.07 |
N-1-9а | 36 | <0.20 | 3.0 | 12 | 0.25 | – |
N-1-12 | 64 | – | 4.1 | 16 | – | – |
Tobichek mud volcano | ||||||
TB-2-7 | 18 | <0.20 | 3.1 | 6 | – | – |
TB-2-6 | 14 | – | 3.4 | 4 | – | – |
TB-2-8б | 10 | – | 3.4 | 3 | – | – |
TB-2-11а | 38 | <0.20 | 3.0 | 13 | – | – |
TB-2-9 | 10 | – | 3.0 | 3 | – | – |
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Kokh, S.N.; Sokol, E.V.; Gustaytis, M.A. Mercury Anomaly in Oligocene–Miocene Maykop Group Sediments (Caucasus Continental Collision Zone): Mercury Hosts, Distribution, and Sources. Minerals 2021, 11, 751. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070751
Kokh SN, Sokol EV, Gustaytis MA. Mercury Anomaly in Oligocene–Miocene Maykop Group Sediments (Caucasus Continental Collision Zone): Mercury Hosts, Distribution, and Sources. Minerals. 2021; 11(7):751. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070751
Chicago/Turabian StyleKokh, Svetlana N., Ella V. Sokol, and Maria A. Gustaytis. 2021. "Mercury Anomaly in Oligocene–Miocene Maykop Group Sediments (Caucasus Continental Collision Zone): Mercury Hosts, Distribution, and Sources" Minerals 11, no. 7: 751. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070751