Innovative Reuse of Electric Arc Furnace Slag as Filler for Different Polymer Matrixes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Cost of the raw material: steel producers are willing to provide the slag free of charge as this would save them from incurring disposal costs;
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Compounds Preparation
2.1.1. Filler: EAF Slag
2.1.2. Polypropylene (PP)
2.1.3. Epoxy Resin
2.1.4. Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR)
2.1.5. End of Life Tires (ELT)
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. EAF Slag Characterization
2.2.2. Compound Characterization
Leaching Test
Tensile Test
Flexural Test
Compression Test
Hardness Test
SEM Analysis
3. Results
3.1. EAF Slag Chemical Composition
3.2. Mechanical Tests
3.3. Leaching Test
3.4. SEM Observations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The distribution and the dispersion of EAF slag particles in the different polymer matrixes is homogeneous and good adhesion between filler and matrix is observed;
- The incorporation of EAF slag particles in a polymer matrix reduces heavy metals leaching:
- The influence on Cr, and V leaching makes the polymer composites compliant for reuse, according to the Italian Ministerial Decree 5 April 2006 [29];The influence on Cr and Mo makes NBR and PP composites compliant to be disposed of as inert waste, according to the Italian Ministerial Decree 3 August 2005 [30]; For ELT and Epoxy composites Mo leaching exceeds the limit of 0.05 mg/L,
- The presence of EAF slag as filler increases the elastic modulus and the hardness of polymer composites although it reduces the ultimate properties (except for PP);
- The reasons behind the mechanical behavior of the tested composites are to be found in the different nature and production processes of the polymeric matrices.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MnO | CaO | MgO | P2O5 | TiO2 | Cr2O3 | S | Na2O | K2O | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9.452 | 7.609 | 40.19 | 5.575 | 29.83 | 3.640 | 0.48 | 0.381 | 2.301 | 0.091 | 0.440 | 0.013 | 0.000 |
Sum | Basicity | CaO/Al2O3 | Al2O3/SiO2 | IB2 | IB4 | |||||||
101.3024 | 0.6177 | 3.9224 | 0.8050 | 3.1574 | 1.9627 |
Element | Concentration [mg/L] | Limits for Landfill Disposal as Inert Ministerial Decree 3 August 2005 [mg/L] | Limits for Material Reuse Ministerial Decree 5 April 2006 [mg/L] |
---|---|---|---|
Mo | 0.15 | 0.05 | - |
Cr | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
V | 0.15 | - | 0.25 |
Cu | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
As | 0.005 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
Cd | 0.0005 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
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Gobetti, A.; Cornacchia, G.; Ramorino, G. Innovative Reuse of Electric Arc Furnace Slag as Filler for Different Polymer Matrixes. Minerals 2021, 11, 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11080832
Gobetti A, Cornacchia G, Ramorino G. Innovative Reuse of Electric Arc Furnace Slag as Filler for Different Polymer Matrixes. Minerals. 2021; 11(8):832. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11080832
Chicago/Turabian StyleGobetti, Anna, Giovanna Cornacchia, and Giorgio Ramorino. 2021. "Innovative Reuse of Electric Arc Furnace Slag as Filler for Different Polymer Matrixes" Minerals 11, no. 8: 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11080832