A Natural GMS Laboratory (Granulometry-Morphometry-Situmetry): Geomorphological-Sedimentological-Mineralogical Terrain Analysis Linked to Coarse-Grained Siliciclastic Sediments at the Basement-Foreland Boundary (SE Germany)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- How can the GMS triplet be subdivided, applied and linked up with other geoscience operatives under near-ambient conditions and in which theater of operation can each of them most favorably be used?
- How and where in applied and genetic geomorphology and sedimentology can the GMS tool successfully be used to tackle environment and provenance analyses?
- Which are the main goals of each element, granulometry, morphometry and situmetry, and how can they be achieved?
- To define new numerical parameters for each sub-tool to achieve the established goals on a field and laboratory scale.
2. Methodology
2.1. Field Work
2.2. Laboratory Work
2.3. Mineralogy and Petrology
2.4. Geochemistry
2.5. Geomorphology
3. Geological Setting
4. Results
4.1. Geomorphology of the Steinach Drainage System
4.2. Lithology of the Gravel-Sized Fluvial and Colluvial Deposits
4.3. Grain Morphology of the Gravelly Debris
4.3.1. 2-D Visual Examination and Comparison Charts
4.3.2. 3-D Measurement of Shape and the Morphology Indices
4.3.3. Digital Image Analysis
4.4. Granulometry of the Gravelly Debris
4.5. Situmetry of the Gravelly Debris
5. Discussion
5.1. The Natural Processing Plant—Compartmentalization and Grain Size Distribution
5.2. Provenance Marker and Grain Morphology Distribution
5.3. Hydrodynamic Facies Analysis and the Orientation of Clasts
5.3.1. Clast Orientation in Plain View
5.3.2. Clast Orientation in Cross or Longitudinal Sections
5.4. Synopsis and Outlook
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Basement < 10 km | Foreland < 20 km | Foreland < 50 km | Origin and Occurrence | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Limestone | Triassic sulfate-bearing calcareous rocks of the “Weidenberg Bowl” | |||
Carbonate gangue | Carbonate-bearing vein-type deposits | |||
Fe mineralization | Supergene alteration, fluctuating ground water table | |||
Ba-F ore mineralization | Barite-ankerite/siderite vein-type deposits -upstream of site 5 to site 10 | |||
Quartz aggregates | Granites, metapsammites, vein-quartz with/without hematite | |||
Chert (black “lydite”) | Silurian to Early Devonian marine biogenetic sediments (low to non-metamorphic) | |||
Silcrete, “carnelian | Early Triassic paleosols | |||
Quartzite | Low grade metamorphic sandstones-metapelites of the country rocks of the Late Paleozoic granites | |||
Sandston–conglomerate | Permian-Lower Triassic red beds foreland basin | |||
Graywacke | Impure sandstone of Early Paleozoic age (low to non-metamorphic) | |||
Phyllite | Low grade metamorphic claystones-metapelites of the country rocks of the Late Paleozoic granites | |||
Mica schist | Phyllites of slightly higher metamorphic grade (contact metamorphic) | |||
Granite | Late Paleozoic granites of the Fichtelgebirge domal anticline | |||
Rhyolite-dacite | Early Permian volcanic rocks at the basement-foreland boundary | |||
Epigneiss | Early Paleozoic low grade metamorphic meta-rhyolites or meta-arkoses | |||
Lamprophyre-Proterobase | Basic dykes intersecting the granitic domes | |||
Diabase | Early Paleozoic meta-basalts and metabasalt tuffs | |||
Metavolcanic rocks | Hydrothermally altered volcanic rock manly of basic composition | |||
Epidote-chlorite amphibolite | Low-grade basic volcanics and pyroclastic rocks-Ordovician Greenschist Zone | |||
Serpentinite | Low-grade ultrabasic volcanics and pyroclastic rocks-Ordovician Greenschist Zone | |||
Amphibolite | Basic volcanic rocks (medium-high grade) Ordovician Greenschist Zone, MGC Hanging Wall rocks | |||
Mica gneiss (+ garnet) | Meta-psammopelites (medium-high grade) MGC Footwall rocks | |||
Slags (Fe, Cu.) and processing artifacts | Historic Fe smelting and waste from ceramic industry (glass) |
Lithology of Sediment Grain | Area | Circularity | Aspect Ratio | Roundness | Solidity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Granite (in places pegmatitic) | 12,600 | 0.774 | 1.241 | 0.819 | 0.958 |
Metavolcanic rocks (basic) | 5165 | 0.748 | 1.314 | 0.792 | 0.948 |
Diabase plus “Proterobase” (diabase/dolerite in dikes) | 11,218 | 0.783 | 1.322 | 0.781 | 0.961 |
Quartz aggregates (in places with relic phyllite fragments), quartz monomineralic, red-pinkish (e.g., carnelian, jasper), milky vein quartz | 8557 | 0.772 | 1.401 | 0.738 | 0.954 |
Mud clasts | 3164 | 0.721 | 1.388 | 0.736 | 0.914 |
Graywacke | 11,166 | 0.748 | 1.378 | 0.734 | 0.947 |
Epizonal gneiss (“Epigneiss”) | 8911 | 0.805 | 1.43 | 0.713 | 0.971 |
Mica schist | 9201 | 0.798 | 1.529 | 0.674 | 0.972 |
Phyllite, phyllite with remnants of quartzite, phyllite sheared (phyllonite) | 10,316 | 0.773 | 1.557 | 0.673 | 0.964 |
Fault breccia | 2371 | 0.773 | 1.508 | 0.663 | 0.947 |
Quartzite, quartzite-phyllite, quartzite intergrown with remnants of phyllitic aggregates, sericite quartzite, quartzite with trace fossils “Phycodes Quarzite”, quartzite + ferricretes | 9404 | 0.748 | 1.622 | 0.658 | 0.953 |
Conglomerate | 12,363 | 0.746 | 1.564 | 0.639 | 0.951 |
Ferricretes | 7225 | 0.722 | 1.801 | 0.621 | 0.946 |
Sandstone | 5769 | 0.753 | 1.67 | 0.599 | 0.969 |
Limestone calcitic to dolomitic | 4814 | 0.699 | 2.069 | 0.489 | 0.946 |
Calcite aggregates | 14,875 | 0.648 | 2.243 | 0.446 | 0.939 |
Key Processes and Targets | Granulometry | Morphometry | Situmetry |
---|---|---|---|
Knickpoints and change of the (paleo)gradient | 3 | 1 | 1 |
Sediment sorting | 2 | 1 | 0.5 |
Sediment traps (whirlpool, flood plain traps) | 1.5 | 1 | 2 |
Tectovariance of the parent rocks | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Lithovariance of the parent and source rocks (provenance analysis) | 1.5 | 3 | 1 |
Placer discoveries | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Identification of vulnerable landforms and areas prone to geohazards | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Weathering | 2 | 3 | 2 |
Hydrodynamic processes | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Diagnosis of mass wasting, fluvial, and cryogenic land-forming processes | 0.5 | 1 | 3 |
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Dill, H.G.; Buzatu, A.; Kleyer, C.; Balaban, S.-I.; Pöllmann, H.; Füssel, M. A Natural GMS Laboratory (Granulometry-Morphometry-Situmetry): Geomorphological-Sedimentological-Mineralogical Terrain Analysis Linked to Coarse-Grained Siliciclastic Sediments at the Basement-Foreland Boundary (SE Germany). Minerals 2022, 12, 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12091118
Dill HG, Buzatu A, Kleyer C, Balaban S-I, Pöllmann H, Füssel M. A Natural GMS Laboratory (Granulometry-Morphometry-Situmetry): Geomorphological-Sedimentological-Mineralogical Terrain Analysis Linked to Coarse-Grained Siliciclastic Sediments at the Basement-Foreland Boundary (SE Germany). Minerals. 2022; 12(9):1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12091118
Chicago/Turabian StyleDill, Harald G., Andrei Buzatu, Christopher Kleyer, Sorin-Ionut Balaban, Herbert Pöllmann, and Martin Füssel. 2022. "A Natural GMS Laboratory (Granulometry-Morphometry-Situmetry): Geomorphological-Sedimentological-Mineralogical Terrain Analysis Linked to Coarse-Grained Siliciclastic Sediments at the Basement-Foreland Boundary (SE Germany)" Minerals 12, no. 9: 1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12091118