Provenance, Depositional Environment, and Paleoclimatic Conditions of a Near-Source Fan Delta: A Case Study of the Permian Jiamuhe Formation in the Shawan Sag, Junggar Basin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
3. Methods and Dataset
4. Results
4.1. Provenances
4.1.1. Seismic Reflection Characteristics
4.1.2. Petrography
4.1.3. Trace and Rare Earth Element Characteristics
4.2. Heavy Mineral Characteristics
4.2.1. Q-Type Cluster Analysis of the Heavy Minerals
4.2.2. MDS and PCA of the Heavy Minerals
4.3. Lithofacies and Lithofacies Associations
4.4. Baiyang River Section of the Architecture
4.5. Sedimentary Facies
5. Discussion
5.1. Redox Conditions and Paleoclimatic Information
5.1.1. Paleoredox Conditions
5.1.2. Paleoclimatic Considerations
5.2. Tectonic Setting and Provenance
5.2.1. Tectonic Setting Restoration Based on the Elements
5.2.2. Indicative Significance of the Provenance System
6. Conclusions
- According to the compositional analysis, the study area mainly consists of lithic feldspar sandstone. The trace elements (La/Sc, Th/Sc, and La/Sc-Co/Th) confirm that the provenance belongs to the acid island arc. The seismic progradational reflection, which indicated flows from the northwest to the southeast. Through a Q-type cluster analysis and the MDS and PCA results of the heavy minerals analysis, the provenance of the study area could be divided into four zones. There are significant differences in the heavy mineral contents in these four zones. This phenomenon reflects the movement of sedimentary debris from the source to a sink, which is affected by a series of processes, such as exposed weathering, denudation, sediment transportation, decomposition, and recrystallization.
- We considered the lithology, texture, internal arrangement, and geometry of the core and the Baiyang River section and underwater/distributary channels, and they were well defined by ten kinds of lithofacies and three lithofacies associations. FA-1 is composed of Gmg, Gcm, and Gcs, and a scouring surface and “floating clasts” are typical identification marks. FA-2 is composed of Gcm, Gcs, Gg/Gi, and St/Sm and is characterized by the directional arrangement of gravel, reflecting a depositional environment with stable hydrodynamic conditions. FA-3 consists of the pyroclastic flow (>50%) of sedimentary rocks with breccia, which indicated the volcanic facies, and it could be seen locally in the northern area of the study area.
- Weak reduction, semi-humid, and semi-dry conditions are evidenced by the Th/U, V/(V+ Ni), V/Cr, Cu/Zn, Sr/Ba, and Sr/Cu values in the Jiamuhe Formation. Alternating wet and dry periods influenced the sedimentological and petrographic characteristics of the sandstones and mudstones.
- Based on the petrography, La/Sc and Th/Sc values, tectonic provenance plots (Hf-La/Th), REE models, and trace element La/Sc-Co/Th identification maps, the tectonic setting of the Shawan Sag is a continental island arc, which is mainly characterized by eruptive facies. This result supports the interbedded sedimentary strata of the volcanic rock and gravelly sandstone that have developed in the Jiamuhe Formation.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Well | CP23 | CP002 | CP5 | ZJ3 | G13 | CP001 | JL57 | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depth (m) | 2023.50 | 2775.10 | 4733.22 | 4955.00 | 4130.76 | 2331.90 | 5301.20 | |
Pb | 6.90 | 9.04 | 12.07 | 11.52 | 13.38 | 15.19 | 13.03 | 11.59 |
Zn | 33.36 | 71.08 | 85.02 | 67.89 | 53.29 | 55.02 | 52.09 | 59.68 |
Cr | 27.08 | 26.00 | 73.22 | 29.07 | 24.95 | 14.83 | 5.95 | 28.73 |
Co | 5.82 | 10.28 | 9.21 | 10.76 | 12.62 | 6.73 | 8.93 | 9.19 |
Rb | 19.32 | 39.77 | 54.75 | 58.50 | 69.38 | 64.67 | 15.10 | 45.93 |
Sr | 164.13 | 269.41 | 177.12 | 249.65 | 186.69 | 1117.25 | 159.77 | 332.0 |
V | 75.92 | 105.79 | 129.11 | 101.89 | 70.63 | 62.66 | 107.58 | 93.37 |
Sc | 8.05 | 13.72 | 10.39 | 12.67 | 9.14 | 9.82 | 20.62 | 12.06 |
U | 0.71 | 0.93 | 1.04 | 1.12 | 1.62 | 1.82 | 4.34 | 1.65 |
Th | 5.91 | 6.72 | 7.72 | 6.56 | 6.31 | 10.46 | 2.93 | 6.66 |
La | 41.81 | 26.48 | 27.29 | 24.81 | 24.67 | 26.9 | 35.84 | 29.69 |
Ce | 37.77 | 41.2 | 40.07 | 36.82 | 43.31 | 41.34 | 79.51 | 45.72 |
Pr | 6.61 | 5.9 | 5.97 | 5.3 | 4.87 | 5.3 | 10.44 | 6.34 |
Nd | 26.9 | 27.3 | 25.36 | 24.02 | 21.5 | 22.02 | 49.35 | 28.06 |
Sm | 5.33 | 6.88 | 5.2 | 5.64 | 4.63 | 4.42 | 11.52 | 6.23 |
Eu | 1.44 | 1.64 | 1.35 | 1.51 | 1.16 | 1.07 | 3.88 | 1.72 |
Gd | 4.55 | 5.3 | 4.45 | 4.36 | 3.51 | 3.47 | 10.44 | 5.15 |
Tb | 0.83 | 1.01 | 0.81 | 0.8 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 1.88 | 0.94 |
Dy | 4.79 | 5.76 | 4.26 | 4.75 | 5.63 | 3.94 | 11.41 | 5.79 |
Ho | 0.86 | 1.2 | 0.85 | 1.00 | 0.66 | 0.78 | 2.25 | 1.09 |
Er | 2.52 | 3.76 | 2.67 | 3.01 | 2.02 | 2.52 | 6.73 | 3.32 |
Tm | 0.37 | 0.55 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.32 | 0.41 | 1.03 | 0.50 |
Yb | 2.2 | 3.53 | 2.56 | 3.22 | 2.31 | 2.99 | 7.46 | 3.47 |
Lu | 0.38 | 0.61 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 1.25 | 0.57 |
Rb/Sr | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.37 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.19 |
Th/U | 8.34 | 7.25 | 7.42 | 5.85 | 3.88 | 5.74 | 0.67 | 5.59 |
La/Th | 7.07 | 3.94 | 3.53 | 3.78 | 3.91 | 2.57 | 12.25 | 5.29 |
La/Sc | 5.19 | 1.93 | 2.63 | 1.96 | 2.70 | 2.74 | 1.74 | 2.70 |
Th/Sc | 0.73 | 0.49 | 0.74 | 0.52 | 0.69 | 1.06 | 0.14 | 0.62 |
Sc/Cr | 0.30 | 0.53 | 0.14 | 0.44 | 0.37 | 0.66 | 3.69 | 0.88 |
Th/Co | 1.02 | 0.65 | 0.84 | 0.61 | 0.50 | 1.55 | 0.33 | 0.79 |
ΣREE | 136.35 | 131.10 | 121.63 | 116.16 | 115.56 | 116.25 | 232.99 | 139 |
L/H | 7.26 | 5.04 | 6.42 | 5.43 | 6.49 | 6.65 | 4.49 | 5.97 |
Ce/Ce* | 0.52 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.93 | 0.83 | 0.99 | 0.80 |
Eu/Eu* | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.84 | 1.67 | 0.85 | 1.54 | 1.75 | 1.19 |
La/Yb | 18.98 | 7.50 | 10.68 | 7.70 | 10.66 | 8.99 | 4.81 | 9.90 |
(La/Yb)N | 12.82 | 5.07 | 7.22 | 5.20 | 7.20 | 6.07 | 3.25 | 6.69 |
(La/Yb)UCC | 1.20 | 0.47 | 0.68 | 0.49 | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.30 | 0.63 |
Well | Total Mass of Heavy Minerals (g) | Terrigenous Mineral (%) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perovskite | Magnetite | Zircon | Limonite | Pyroxene | Spinel | Epidote | Augite | Garnet | Ilmenite | Sphene | ||
C90 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 16.08 | 0.68 | 66.33 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 2.40 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 11.54 | 0.00 |
CP7 | 0.73 | 0.00 | 10.14 | 0.00 | 20.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 69.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
CP5 | 1.54 | 1.72 | 6.05 | 0.69 | 0.18 | 87.22 | 0.02 | 73.92 | 5.18 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 0.04 |
CP10 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 9.67 | 0.11 | 1.75 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.09 |
CP26 | 0.01 | 2.95 | 36.35 | 0.42 | 44.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.71 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
CP005 | 0.12 | 1.34 | 47.36 | 0.30 | 2.45 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 41.72 | 0.26 | 0.00 | 0.10 |
ZJ3 | 0.60 | 7.51 | 8.29 | 0.02 | 5.65 | 72.88 | 0.03 | 0.59 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 4.57 | 0.12 |
ZJ4 | 1.39 | 1.54 | 22.61 | 0.04 | 22.71 | 49.88 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 1.93 | 0.14 |
ZJ5 | 0.23 | 1.48 | 22.11 | 0.36 | 0.75 | 60.85 | 0.09 | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.23 | 11.86 | 0.00 |
ZJ6 | 3.68 | 6.04 | 10.50 | 0.39 | 57.61 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 15.82 | 0.52 | 0.08 | 5.51 | 0.04 |
XG1 | 1.86 | 0.37 | 0.62 | 1.74 | 7.94 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.81 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 62.54 | 0.51 |
Category | Heavy Mineral Assemblage | Q-Type Cluster | PCA | MDS |
---|---|---|---|---|
I | Pyroxene plus magnetite | ZJ3, ZJ4, ZJ5, and CP10 | ZJ3, ZJ4, ZJ5, CP10, and ZJ6 | ZJ3, ZJ4, ZJ5, and CP10 |
II | Augite plus limonite | CP7 and CP005 | CP7 and CP005 | CP7 and CP005 |
III | Limonite plus magnetite plus ilmenite | ZJ6 and ZJ1 | XG1 | ZJ6 and XG1 |
IV | Epidote plus magnetite plus augite | CP5 | CP5 | CP5 |
Tectonic Setting | Oceanic Island Arc | Continental Island Arc | Active Continental Margin | Passive Margins | Jiamuhe Formation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | 6.9 ± 1.4 | 15.1 ± 1.1 | 24 ± 1.1 | 16 ± 3.4 | 11.59 |
Th | 2.27 ± 0.7 | 11.1 ± 1.1 | 18.8 ± 3.0 | 16.7 ± 3.5 | 6.66 |
Sc | 19.5 ± 5.2 | 14.8 ± 1.7 | 8 ± 1.1 | 6 ± 1.4 | 12.06 |
V | 131 ± 40 | 89 ± 13.7 | 48 ± 5.9 | 31 ± 9.9 | 93.37 |
Co | 18 ± 6.3 | 12 ± 2.7 | 10 ± 1.7 | 5 ± 2.4 | 9.19 |
Zn | 89 ± 18.6 | 74 ± 9.8 | 52 ± 8.6 | 26 ± 12 | 58.68 |
La | 8.72 ± 2.5 | 24.4 ± 2.3 | 33 ± 4.5 | 33.5 ± 5.8 | 29.68 |
Ce | 22.53 ± 5.9 | 50.5 ± 4.3 | 72.7 ± 9.8 | 71.9 ± 11.5 | 45.72 |
Nd | 11.36 ± 2.9 | 20.8 ± 1.6 | 25.4 ± 3.4 | 29 ± 5.03 | 28.06 |
Rb/Sr | 0.05 ± 0.05 | 0.65 ± 0.33 | 0.89 ± 0.24 | 1.19 ± 0.40 | 0.19 |
Th/U | 2.1 ± 0.78 | 4.6 ± 0.45 | 4.8 ± 0.38 | 5.6 ± 0.7 | 5.59 |
La/Th | 4.26 ± 1.2 | 2.36 ± 0.3 | 1.77 ± 0.1 | 2.20 ± 0.47 | 5.29 |
La/Sc | 0.55 ± 0.22 | 1.82 ± 0.3 | 4.55 ± 0.8 | 6.25 ± 1.35 | 2.70 |
Th/Sc | 0.15 ± 0.08 | 0.85 ± 0.13 | 2.59 ± 0.5 | 3.06 ± 0.8 | 0.63 |
Sc/Cr | 0.57 ± 0.16 | 0.32 ± 0.06 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.87 |
Tectonic Settings Provenance Type | Oceanic Island Arc and Undissected Magmatic Arc | Continental Island Arc and Dissected Magmatic Arc | Andean-type Continental Margin (Uplifted Basement) | Passive Margins (Craton Interior and Tectonic Highlands) | Jiamuhe Formation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
La | 8 ± 1.7 | 27 ± 4.5 | 37 | 39 | 29.69 |
Ce | 19 ± 3.7 | 59 ± 8.2 | 78 | 85 | 45.72 |
Eu/Eu* | 1.04 ± 0.11 | 0.79 ± 0.13 | 0.6 | 0.56 | 1.19 |
ΣREE | 58 ± 10 | 146 ± 20 | 186 | 210 | 139 |
L/H | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 7.7 ± 1.7 | 9.1 | 8.5 | 5.97 |
La/Yb | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 11.0 ± 3.6 | 12.5 | 15.9 | 9.90 |
(La/Yb)N | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 7.5 ± 2.5 | 8.5 | 10.8 | 6.69 |
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Share and Cite
Yao, Z.; Yu, H.; Yang, F.; Jianatayi, D.; Zhang, B.; Li, T.; Jia, C.; Pan, T.; Zhang, Z.; Aibibuli, N.; et al. Provenance, Depositional Environment, and Paleoclimatic Conditions of a Near-Source Fan Delta: A Case Study of the Permian Jiamuhe Formation in the Shawan Sag, Junggar Basin. Minerals 2023, 13, 1251. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13101251
Yao Z, Yu H, Yang F, Jianatayi D, Zhang B, Li T, Jia C, Pan T, Zhang Z, Aibibuli N, et al. Provenance, Depositional Environment, and Paleoclimatic Conditions of a Near-Source Fan Delta: A Case Study of the Permian Jiamuhe Formation in the Shawan Sag, Junggar Basin. Minerals. 2023; 13(10):1251. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13101251
Chicago/Turabian StyleYao, Zongquan, Haitao Yu, Fan Yang, Deleqiati Jianatayi, Boxuan Zhang, Tianming Li, Chunming Jia, Tuo Pan, Zhaohui Zhang, Naibi Aibibuli, and et al. 2023. "Provenance, Depositional Environment, and Paleoclimatic Conditions of a Near-Source Fan Delta: A Case Study of the Permian Jiamuhe Formation in the Shawan Sag, Junggar Basin" Minerals 13, no. 10: 1251. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13101251