Sediment Texture, Geochemical Variation, and Ecological Risk Assessment of Major Elements and Trace Metals in the Sediments of the Northeast Persian Gulf
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geographical Setting
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sampling
3.2. Grain-Size Analysis
3.3. Sediment Constituent Analysis
3.4. Elemental Analyses
3.5. Estimation of Sediment Contamination
3.5.1. Enrichment Factor
3.5.2. Degree of Contamination
3.5.3. Potential Ecological Risk Index
3.5.4. Cluster Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Sediments Texture
4.2. Variations of Elemental Composition
4.3. Assessment of Sediment Contamination
4.3.1. Enrichment Factor
4.3.2. Modified Degree of Contamination
4.3.3. Potential Ecological Risk Index
4.4. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EF | State of Pollution | mCd | State of Pollution | Eri | State of Pollution | RI | Ecological Risk |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<1 | No enrichment | <1.5 | Zero to the very low degree of contamination | <40 | Low | <150 | Low |
1–2 | Deficiency to minimal enrichment | 1.5–2 | Low degree of contamination | 40–80 | Moderate | 150–300 | Moderate |
2–5 | Moderate enrichment | 2–4 | Moderate degree of contamination | 80–160 | High | 300–600 | High |
5–20 | Significant enrichment | 4–8 | High degree of contamination | 160–320 | Serious | >600 | Very high |
20–40 | Very high enrichment | 8–16 | Very high degree of contamination | >320 | Severe | ||
>40 | Extremely high enrichment | 16–32 | Extremely high degree of contamination | ||||
≥32 | Ultra-high degree of contamination |
Min | Max | Mean | SD | C.V. (%) | UCC 1 | Shale 2 | EF | CF | Er | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca (%) | 0.24 | 31.09 | 18.17 | 7.45 | 41 | 3.00 | 2.2 | 91.2 | 8.3 | |
Al (%) | 0.11 | 5.79 | 2.52 | 1.59 | 63 | 8.04 | 8.0 | |||
Fe (%) | 0.09 | 21.14 | 2.18 | 2.30 | 106 | 3.50 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 0.6 | |
Sr (mg/kg) | 71 | 3550 | 1288 | 755 | 59 | 350 | 300 | 43.5 | 3.7 | |
Mn (mg/kg) | 13 | 3122 | 387 | 374 | 97 | 600 | 850 | 2.4 | 0.5 | |
Ba (mg/kg) | 2 | 3436 | 142 | 327 | 230 | 550 | 580 | 1.8 | 0.3 | |
Cr (mg/kg) | 2 | 228 | 70 | 45 | 65 | 85 | 90 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 1.7 |
Ni (mg/kg) | 2 | 130 | 50 | 34 | 68 | 50 | 68 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 5.0 |
V (mg/kg) | 1 | 142 | 41 | 26 | 64 | 110 | 90 | 1.8 | 0.5 | |
Zn (mg/kg) | 1 | 437 | 34 | 39 | 115 | 71 | 95 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
Cu (mg/kg) | 1 | 278 | 13 | 24 | 178 | 25 | 45 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.5 |
Pb (mg/kg) | 1 | 145 | 9 | 14 | 146 | 16 | 20 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 2.3 |
Co (mg/kg) | 1 | 18 | 8 | 4 | 53 | 17 | 19 | 1.5 | 0.5 | |
As (mg/kg) | 1 | 14 | 4 | 2 | 54 | 2 | 13 | 14.6 | 2.7 | 27.3 |
Mo (mg/kg) | 0.2 | 12.5 | 0.9 | 1 | 138 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 7.5 | 0.6 | |
Cd (mg/kg) | 0.06 | 1.53 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 75 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 3.7 | 0.7 | 20.4 |
Gravel (%) | 0.0 | 51.7 | 3.9 | 8.8 | 222 | |||||
Sand (%) | 0.3 | 99.9 | 41.9 | 31.5 | 75 | |||||
Silt (%) | 0.0 | 69.9 | 32.1 | 21.7 | 67 | |||||
Clay (%) | 0.0 | 69.6 | 21.9 | 17.4 | 79 |
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Vaezi, A.; Lak, R. Sediment Texture, Geochemical Variation, and Ecological Risk Assessment of Major Elements and Trace Metals in the Sediments of the Northeast Persian Gulf. Minerals 2023, 13, 850. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13070850
Vaezi A, Lak R. Sediment Texture, Geochemical Variation, and Ecological Risk Assessment of Major Elements and Trace Metals in the Sediments of the Northeast Persian Gulf. Minerals. 2023; 13(7):850. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13070850
Chicago/Turabian StyleVaezi, Alireza, and Razyeh Lak. 2023. "Sediment Texture, Geochemical Variation, and Ecological Risk Assessment of Major Elements and Trace Metals in the Sediments of the Northeast Persian Gulf" Minerals 13, no. 7: 850. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13070850