Metallogenic Model and Prospecting Progress of the Qiandongshan–Dongtangzi Large Pb-Zn Deposit, Fengtai Orefield, West Qinling Orogeny
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Regional Geological Setting
3. Geology of Qiandongshan–Dongtangzi Lead–Zinc Deposit
3.1. Deposit Geology
3.1.1. Stratigraphy
3.1.2. Structure Geology
3.1.3. Magmatic Phenomena and Hydrothermal Activity
3.2. Geological Characteristics of Ore Body
3.3. Ore Characteristics and Surrounding Rock Alteration
3.4. Mineralization and Metallogenic Structure
4. Geochemical Anomaly Characteristics
5. Geochemical Characteristics of Deposits
5.1. Pyrite Genesis
5.2. Geochemical Characteristics of Elements
5.2.1. Geochemical Characteristics of Trace Elements
5.2.2. Geochemical Characteristics of Rare Earth Elements
5.3. Isotopic Geochemical Characteristics
5.3.1. H-O Isotopic Composition
5.3.2. Sulfur Isotope Characteristics
5.3.3. Lead Isotope Characteristics
5.4. Metallogenic Age
6. Ore Genesis and Prospecting Model
6.1. Ore Genesis
6.2. Prospecting Model
7. Ore-Controlling Factors and Prospecting Criteria
7.1. Ore-Controlling Factor
7.2. Prospecting Criterias
8. Prospecting Prediction and Verification
9. Conclusions
- (1)
- The genesis of the Qiandongshan–Dongtangzi deposit should be probably attributed to a stratiform magmatic–hydrothermal origin. The deposit contains stratabound ore bodies in the anticlinal core, as well as vein-like and network-like ore bodies in the faults and fissures within the limestone. The ore bodies are controlled by the Si/Ca interface and the anticline structure.
- (2)
- The Qiandongshan–Dongtangzi lead–zinc deposit formed in two stages. During the Indosinian period, a series of WNW-trending folds formed due to plate subduction and collision. This event also triggered large-scale intermediate-felsic magmatic activity that created structures for ore transportation and provided space for mineralization. In the late- to post-collision stage, magmatic fluids carrying ore-forming elements were deposited on the Si/Ca interface of the physical-chemical mutation. This interface formed in the contact zone between limestone of the Gudaoling Formation and phyllite of the Xinghongpu Formation at the core of an anticline.
- (3)
- The detachment space created by the intersection of the anticline structure and the Si/Ca interface plays a critical role in metallogenic prediction. In particular, a series of WNW-trending secondary anticlines that have developed on the two limbs of the main ore-controlling anticline of the Qiandongshan–Dongtangzi large-scale lead–zinc deposit are the most favorable metallogenic sites and the preferred target for prospecting prediction. The drilling verification scheme was designed for the secondary anticline on the north limb of the main ore-controlling anticline in the Dongtangzi lead–zinc deposits based on this method.
- (4)
- The drilling verification of the secondary anticline located on the north limb of the Qiandongshan–Dongtangzi ore-controlling anticline has led to the discovery of a thick and rich industrial lead–zinc ore body. The success of this example sets a precedent for prospecting and prediction in the Qiandongshan–Dongtangzi mining area, and contributes to the accumulation of successful experience in deep exploration and blind prospecting within the Fengtai orefield.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Qi, S.J.; Li, Y. Lead-Zinc Metallogenic Belt of Devonian System in Qinling Mountains; Geological Publishing House: Beijing, China, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Jia, R.X.; Han, S.S.; Wei, H.M. Main Metallogenic Characteristics and Genetic Analysis of Gold Deposit in Fengtai Ore Field Qinling. J. Xi’an Eng. Univ. 1999, 21, 67–75, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Wang, R.T.; Wang, D.S.; Dai, J.Z. Study on Synthetical Exploration Technology for Pb-Zn-Ag-Cur-Au Deposits in Majior Mineralization Concentrated Region of Shannxi Area in Qinling Orogenic Belt; Geological Publishing House: Beijing, China, 2012; pp. 1–262. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, R.T.; Zhang, G.L.; Li, Q.F.; Zhang, B.; Cheng, H.; Ji, Y.F. Metallogenic Regularity and Prospecting Prediction of Fengtai Pb-Zn-Au Ore Concentration Area in Qinling Mountains. J. Earth Sci. Environ. 2021, 43, 528–548, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Fang, W.X. Research on Mineral Geochemistry of Qiandongshan Large-sized Lead-zinc Deposit in Fengxian County, Shaanxi. Acta Miner. Sin. 1999, 19, 198–205, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Hu, Q.Q. The Mineralization Features, Mechanism and Metallogenic Regularity of the Fengtai Pb-Zn Polymetallic Ore Cluster in West Qinling, China. Ph.D. Thesis, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Y.F.; Yang, T.; Yi, P.F.; Yao, Z.; He, Y.F. LA-ICP-MS Zircon Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Huahongshuping Granodiorite Pluton in South Qinling. Geol. Explor. 2018, 54, 300–314, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Y.T.; Hu, Q.Q.; Wang, R.T.; Gao, W.H.; Chen, S.C.; Wei, R.; Wang, C.A.; Wei, B.; Wei, S.W.; Tang, M.J. A New metallogenic model and its Significance in Search for Zn-Pb Deposits in Fengtai (Fengxian-Taibai) Polymetallic Ore Concentration Area, Shannxi Province. Miner. Depos. 2020, 39, 587–606, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, F. Magmatism and Mineralization of the Indosinian Period in the Fengtai Area, Qinling Mountains: Evidence of Geological Chronology and Geochemistry. Ph.D. Thesis, Peking University, Beijing, China, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, H.; Wang, J.P.; Liu, J.J.; Cao, R.R.; Hui, D.F.; Cheng, J.J. Mineralogy of the Xiba Granitoid Pluton in the Southern Qinling Orogenic Belt and Its Implications for Petrogenesis. Geoscience 2011, 3, 489–502, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Li, Q.F.; Wang, B.W.; Zhang, B. A Summary of 1:50000 Jiingkou (I48E013012), Jiangkou (I48E014021) and Guanshan (I48E012021), Mineral Geological Survey for Shaanxi; Baoji 717 Corps Limited of Norhwest Nonferrous Geological and Mining Group: Baoji, China, 2019. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.L.; He, B.C.; Li, J.Z. Qinling Type Lead and Zinc Mineral Deposits in China; Geological Publishing House: Beijing, China, 1996; pp. 1–264. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, F.X.; Du, X.H.; Wang, W.T.; Qi, Y.L. Mineralization responsed to mesozoic geological evolution of the Qinling orogen and its environs. Chin. J. Geol. 2004, 39, 486–495, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Wang, R.T. Study on Metallogenic Model for Typic Meta1 Ore Deposits and Exploration Predicting of Qinling Orogenic Belt in Shannxi Province, China. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Geosciences, Beijing, China, 2005; pp. 1–158. [Google Scholar]
- Feng, J.Z.; Wang, D.B.; Wang, X.M.; Shao, S.C. Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Three Typical Gold Deposits in the West Qinling. Geol. China 2004, 31, 78–84, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Chen, S.C.; Wang, Y.T.; Yu, J.J.; Hu, Q.Q.; Zhang, J.; Wang, R.T.; Gao, W.H.; Wang, C.A. Petrogenesis of Triassic granitoids in the Fengxian–Taibai ore cluster, Western Qinling Orogen, central China: Implications for tectonic evolution and polymetallic mineralization. Ore Geol. Rev. 2020, 123, 103577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, G.L.; Wang, R.T.; Tian, T.; Ding, K.; Gao, W.H.; Guo, Y.Y. Geological-geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of Dongtangzi Pb-Zn Deposit in Fengxian-Taibai Ore Concentration Area of Shaanxi, China. J. Earth Sci. Environ. 2018, 40, 520–534, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Ye, T.Z.; Lu, Z.C.; Pang, Z.S. Theory and Method of Prospecting Prediction in Exploration Area (Pandect); Geological Publishing House: Beijing, China, 2015; (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Li, Y.Q.; Wang, R.T.; Meng, D.M.; Dai, J.Z.; Huang, C.Q. Geological Characteristics and Prospecting Direction of Taishanmiao Copper Deposits in Fengxian County, Shaanxi Province. Northwest. Geol. 2015, 48, 169–175, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Huang, Z.Y.; Lu, R.N. Zoning Characteristics and Index of Primary Geochemical Anomalies in Qiandongshan Pb-Zn Deposit, ShanXi Province, China. Geol. Prospect. 2003, 3, 39–44, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Long, H.S.; Luo, T.Y.; Huang, Z.L.; Zhou, M.Z.; Yang, Y.; Qian, Z.K. Rare Earth Element and Trace Element Geochemistry of Pyrite Ores in the Laochang Large Size Silver Ploymetallic Deposit of Lancang, Yunnan Province, China. Acta Miner. Sin. 2011, 31, 462–473, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Yan, Q.J.; Wei, X.Y.; Ye, M.F.; Zhou, H.B.; Zhou, N.C. Determination of Composition of Pyrite in the Baishantang Copper Deposit by Laser Ablation-inductively Coupled Plasma-mass Spectrometry and Electron Microprobe. Rock Miner. Anal. 2016, 35, 658–666, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Zeng, Y.C.; Huang, S.J.; Jia, G.X.; Chen, Y.R. Eigenelements of Some Metallic Minerals in the Magmatic Hydrothermal and Stratabound Pb-Zn Deposits and Their Geological Significance. Geol. Prospeting 1985, 21, 28–33. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Han, Z.X. The Typomorphic Characteristic of the Sphalerite in the Qinling Devonian System Lead-zinc Metallogenic Belt. J. Xi’an Coll. Geol. 1994, 16, 12–17, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Wang, R.T.; Li, F.L.; Chen, E.H.; Dai, J.Z.; Wang, C.A.; Xu, X.F. Geochemical Characteristics and Prospecting Prediction of the Bafangshan-Erlihe Large Lead-zinc Ore Deposit, Feng County, Shaanxi Province, China. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2011, 27, 779–793, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Li, T. Application of the elemental abundance. Geol. Explor. 1981, 6, 1–6. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Wang, L.; Tian, T.; Li, W.; Zhang, B.; Zhang, G.L.; Wang, F.; Zheng, S.X. Discussion on the geochemistry and evolution of Xiba rock mass in the central part of Fengtai high ore concentration area. Gold 2021, 42, 25–30, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, G.L.; Wang, L.; Tian, T. Achievement Report of Sub-Project of Prospecting and Prediction in Fengtai Ore Gathering Area of Shaanxi Province; Baoji 717 Corps Limited of the Northwest Nonferrous Geological and Mining Group: Baoji, China, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Han, F.; Sun, H.T. Metallogenic system of sedex type deposits: A review. Earth Sci. Front. 1999, 6, 139–157. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Leach, D.L.; Sangster, D.F.; Kelley, K.D.; Large, R.R.; Garven, G.; Allen, C.R.; Gutzmer, J.; Wahers, S. Sedement-hosted lead-zinc deposits: A global perspective. Econamic Geol. 2005, 100, 561–607. [Google Scholar]
- Li, H.Z.; Zhou, Y.Z.; Yang, Z.J.; Gu, Z.H.; Lv, W.C.; He, J.G.; Li, W.; An, Y.F. Geochemical Characteristics and Their Geological Implications of Cherts from Bafangshan-Erlihe Area in Western Qinling Orogen. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2009, 25, 3094–3102, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Ohmoto, H. Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Ore Deposits. Rev. Miner. Geochem. 1986, 16, 491–559. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, B.Z.; Wang, J.P.; Zeng, X.T.; Wang, K.X.; Cao, R.R.; Cheng, J.J. Ore fluid and geochemical characteristics of Yanfangwan Pb-Zn deposit in Shaanxi Province. Contrib. Geol. Miner. Resour. Res. 2013, 28, 50–57, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Wang, X.; Tang, R.Y.; Li, S.; Li, Y.X.; Yang, M.J.; Wang, D.S.; Guo, J.; Liu, P.; Liu, R.D.; Li, W.Q. Oro-Geny and Metal Mineralization of Qinling Area; Metallurgical Industry Press: Beijing, China, 1996. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Jiang, X.M. A Discussion on the Genesis and Oreforming Mechanism of the Hogeqi Cu-Pb-Zn Deposit. J. Miner. Deposits. 1983, 4, 1–10, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Fu, C.; Wang, J.P.; Peng, R.M.; Liu, J.J.; Liu, Z.J.; Liu, Z.M. Features of Sulfur Isotope of the Jiashengpan Lead-Zinc-Sulfur Dposit in Inner Mongolia and Its Genesis Significance. J. Geosci. 2010, 24, 34–41, (In Chinese with English abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, M.C.; Chen, R.Y.; Ye, T.Z.; Li, J.C.; Lü, Z.C.; He, X.; Chen, H.; Yao, L. Genetic study on the Qixiashan Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit in Jiangsu Province: Evidence from fluid inclusions and H-O-S-Pb isotopes. J. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2017, 33, 3453–3470, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Liu, T.T.; He, Z.W.; Cui, X.L.; Ni, Z.Y.; Liu, H.F.; Zhang, J.S. Model Construction and Prospecting Prediction of Lead-Zinc Polymetallic Ore Deposits Based on GIS Information Method. J. Guilin Univ. Technol. 2011, 4, 511–515, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Ren, P.; Liang, T.; Liu, K.L.; Liu, L.; Lu, L.; Zhang, W.J. Geochemistry of Sulfur and Lead Isotopic Compositions of Sedex Lead-zincDeposits in Fengtai Mineral Cluster Region of Qinling Mountains. J. Northwestern Geol. 2014, 47, 137–149, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Wei, H.M.; Zhang, Z.F. Lithofacies during the ore-forming period and their prospecting significance in the Qiandongshan-Tanjiagou area of the Fengtai lead-zinc ore field. Northwest Geol. 1987, 5, 6–11. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, F.X.; Wang, J.F. Devoninasyngenetic faults and lith of acies in relation to submarine exhalative sedimentary lead- zinc deposits in Qinling area, Shaanxi Province. J. Miner. Deposits. 1991, 3, 217–231, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, H.F.; Ouyang, J.P.; Lin, W.L.; Chen, Y.L. Pb, Sr, Nd, Isotope Composition of Ningshan Granitoids, South Qinling and their Deep Geological Information. Acta Petrrologica Miner. 1997, 16, 22–31, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Wang, R.T.; Wang, T.; Gao, Z.J.; Chen, E.H.; Liu, L.X. The Main Metal Deposits Metallogenic Series and Exploration Direction in Feng-Tai Ore Cluster Region, Shaanxi Province. Northwest Geol. 2007, 40, 77–84, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Wang, D.S.; Wang, R.T.; Dai, J.Z.; Wang, C.A.; Li, J.H.; Chen, L.X. “Dual Ore controlling Factors” Characteristics of Metallic Deposits in the Qinling Orogenic Belt. Acta Geol. Sin. 2009, 83, 1719–1729, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, F.; Liu, S.W.; Li, Q.G.; Sun, Y.L.; Wang, Z.Q.; Yan, Q.R.; Yan, Z. Re-Os and U-Pb Geochronology of the Erlihe Pb-Zn Deposit Qinling Orogenic Belt, Central China and Constraints on Its Deposit Genesis. Acta Geol. Sin. (Engl. Ed.) 2011, 85, 673–682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, Q.Q.; Wang, Y.T.; Wang, R.T.; Li, J.H.; Dai, J.Z.; Wang, S.Y. Ore-forming time of the Erlihe Pb-Zn deposit in the Fengxian-Taibai ore concentration area, Shaanxi Province: Evidence from the Rb-Sr isotopic dating of sphalerites. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2012, 28, 258–266, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, F.; Liu, S.W.; Li, Q.G.; Wang, Z.Q.; Han, Y.G.; Yang, K.; Wu, F.H. LA-ICP-MS Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Geological Significance of Xiba Granitoids from Qinling, Central China. Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Pekin. 2009, 45, 833–840, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Hu, Q.Q.; Wang, Y.T.; Mao, J.W.; Liu, S.W. Timing of the Formation of the Changba-Lijiagou Pb-Zn Ore Deposit, Gansu Province, China: Evidence from Rb-Sr Isotopic Dating of Sulfides. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2015, 103, 350–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H. The Features of Magmatic Rocks in Shangwang Gold Mine, Shanxi Province and Its Implication on Gold Mineralization. Ph.D. Thesis, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, P.T.; Liu, S.W.; Li, Q.G.; Wang, Z.Q.; Zhang, F.; Wang, W. Chronology and Petrogenesis of the Hejiazhuang Granitoid Pluton and Its Constraints on the Early Triassic Tectonic Evolution of the South Qinling Belt. Sci. China Earth Sciences 2013, 43, 1874–1892. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.W.; Yang, P.T.; Li, Q.G.; Wang, Z.Q.; Zhang, W.Y.; Wang, W. Indosinian Granitoids and Orogenic Processes in the Middle Segment of the Qinling Orogen, China. J. Jilin Univ. (Earth Sci. Ed.) 2011, 41, 1928–1943, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Z.Q.; Zhang, G.W.; Liu, D.Y. Isotopic Geochronology and Geochemistry of Ophiolites, Granites and Clastisedimentary Rocks in the Qinling-Dabie Orogenic Belt; Geological Publishing House: Beijing, China, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Lü, X.Q.; Wang, X.X.; Ke, C.H.; Li, J.B.; Yang, Y.; Meng, X.Y.; Nie, Z.R.; Zhang, P.F. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of Taibai pluton in North Qinling Mountainsand its geological significance. Miner. Depos. 2014, 33, 37–52, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Meng, X.Y.; Wang, X.X.; Ke, C.H.; Li, J.B.; Yang, Y.; Lü, X.Q. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age, geochemistry and Hf isotope of the granitoids from Huayang pluton in South Qinlig orogen: Constraints on the genesis of Wulong plutons. Geol. Bull. China 2013, 32, 1704–1719, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Y.T.; Mao, J.W.; Hu, Q.Q.; Wei, R.; Chen, S.C. Characteristics and Metallogeny of Triassic Polymetallic Mineralization in Xicheng and Fengtai Ore Cluster Zones, West Qinling, China and Their Implications for Prospecting Targets. J. Earth Sci. Environ. 2021, 43, 409–435, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.H.; Zhang, F.X.; Yu, Z.P.; Yu, L. Minerogenetic series of metallic ore deposits in the Qinling Mountains and tectonodynamic background of the continental orogenic belts. Geol. China 2002, 29, 192–196, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Lu, X.X.; Li, M.L.; Wang, W.; Yu, Z.P.; Shi, Y.Z. Indosinian movement and metallogenesis in Qinling orogenic belt. Miner. Depos. 2008, 27, 762–773, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Chen, Y.J. Indosinian tectonic setting, magmatism and metallogenesis in Qinling Orogen, central China. Geol. China 2010, 37, 854–865, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Shi, K.; Du, J.G.; Wan, Q.; Chen, F.; Cai, Y.; Cao, J.Y.; Wu, L.B.; Wang, L.M.; Tan, D.X. Chronology study of the Mesozoic intrusive rocks in the Tongling ore-cluster region, Anhui, and its metallogenic significance. Acta Geol. Sin. 2019, 93, 1096–1112, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Hennet, R.J.C.; Crerar, D.A.; Schwartz, J. Organic complexes in hydrothermal systems. Econ. Geol. 1988, 83, 742–764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giordano, T.H.; Barnes, H.L. Lead transport in Mississippi Valley-type ore solutions. Econonic Geol. 1981, 76, 2200–2211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barmes, H.L.; Gould, W.W. Hydrothermal replacement of carbonates by sulfdes. In Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Park City, UT, USA, 13–18 July 1992; pp. 1565–1567. [Google Scholar]
- Lu, J.C.; Yuan, Z.Q. Experimental Studies of Organic—An Complexes and their Stability. Geochimica 1986, 1, 66–77. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Seward, T.M.; Barnes, H.L. Metal transport by hydrothermal ore fluids. In Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits; Barnes, H.L., Ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Tagirov, B.R.; Seward, T.M. Hydrosulfide/sulfide complexes of zine to 250 °C and the thermodynamic properties of sphalerite. Chem. Geol. 2010, 269, 301–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, Z.B.; Liu, S.W.; Zhang, W.Y.; Hua, F.Y.; Li, Q.G. Petrogenesis of the Guangtoushan granitoid suite, central China: Implications for Early Mesozoic geodynamic evolution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt. Gondwana Res. 2016, 30, 112–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, F.Y.; Liu, S.W.; Zhang, W.Y.; Deng, Z.B.; Chen, X.A. Westward propagating slab tear model for Late Triassic Qinling Orogenic Belt geodynamic evolution: Insights from the petrogenesis of the Caoping and Shahewan intrusions, central China. Lithos 2016, 262, 486–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiong, X.; Zhu, L.M.; Zhang, G.W.; Santosh, M.; Jiang, H.; Zheng, J.; Guo, A.L.; Ding, L.L. Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Indosinian granitoids from Western Qinling Orogen, China:Products of magma-mixing and fractionation. Geosci. Front. 2020, 11, 1305–1321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.T.; Chen, S.C.; Hu, Q.Q.; Zhang, J.; Liu, X.L.; Huang, S.K. Tectonic controls on polymetallic mineralization in the Fengxian-Taibai ore cluster zone, western Qinling, Shannxi Province. Acta Petrol. Sin. 2018, 34, 1959–1976, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Cox, S.F. Structural and isotopic constraints on fluid flow regimes and fluid pathways during upper crustal deformation: An example from the Taemas area of the Lachlan Orogen, SE Australia. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112, B08208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, C.Q.; Ye, T.Z.; Wu, Y.; Wang, C.H.; Ji, H.; Li, L.; Zhang, T.T. Discussion on controlling role of Si-Ca boundary in locating Pb-Zn deposits and its prospecting significance. Miner. Depos. 2012, 31, 405–416, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
- Shi, Y.H.; Wang, Y.; Chen, B.L.; Tan, R.W.; Gao, Y.; Shen, J.H. Characteristics of silicon-calcium surface ore-controlling in Fengtai ore-concentration areas, West Qinling Mountains: Examples from Qiandongshan Pb-Zn deposit. Geol. China 2022, 49, 226–240, (In Chinese with English Abstract). [Google Scholar]
Sample Type | Number of Samples | w(Fe)/ % | w(S)/ % | w(Pb)/ 10−6 | w(As)/ 10−6 | w(Co)/ 10−6 | w(Ni)/ 10−6 | w(Cu)/ 10−6 | wtotal/ % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Massive ore pyrite | 6 | 46.55 | 53.31 | 440.00 | 3441.67 | 750.00 | 41.67 | 131.67 | 100.34 |
The veined ore pyrite | 6 | 46.21 | 52.69 | 941.67 | 7971.67 | 778.33 | 21.67 | 745.00 | 99.94 |
Dongtangzi Lead Zinc Deposit | Bafangshan—Erlihe Lead—Zinc Deposit | Xiba Pluton | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Samples | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Lithology | Rock1 | Rock2 | Rock3 | Rock4 | Rock5 | Rock6 | Rock1 | Rock7 | Rock5 | Rock8 | Rock9 | Rock10 | Rock11 |
Au | 0.34 | 0.035 | 0.038 | ||||||||||
Ag | 10.57 | 0.04 | 0.04 | ||||||||||
As | 135.5 | 0.20 | 0.39 | ||||||||||
Cd | 682.7 | 2.37 | 0.95 | 0.85 | 0.15 | ||||||||
Bi | 8.22 | 0.39 | 3.87 | ||||||||||
Cr | 4.67 | 4.03 | 9.45 | 7.15 | 103.6 | ||||||||
Co | 51.03 | 2.53 | 4.70 | 16.55 | 21.80 | ||||||||
Ni | 8.27 | 23.70 | 9.60 | 8.70 | 42.85 | ||||||||
Cu | 298.7 | 3.93 | 47.45 | 68.25 | 15.23 | ||||||||
Zn | >10,000 | 156.7 | 12,757 | 54,050 | 75.25 | 222.0 | 38.00 | 320.0 | |||||
Ga | 13.23 | 0.77 | 2.40 | 3.40 | 22.30 | ||||||||
Rb | 6.73 | 6.03 | 10.75 | 8.40 | 221.2 | 106.0 | 74.43 | 127.3 | 172.3 | ||||
Sr | 19.67 | 344.3 | 85.30 | 36.95 | 97.95 | 724.3 | 701.7 | 542.7 | 332.3 | ||||
Mo | 0.37 | 2.53 | 4.60 | 4.30 | 0.38 | 0.18 | 0.59 | 0.77 | 0.24 | ||||
Cd | 682.7 | 2.37 | 0.95 | 0.85 | 0.15 | ||||||||
In | 0.20 | 0.50 | 58.15 | 183.0 | 0.10 | ||||||||
Sb | 9.70 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.55 | 27.10 | 0.28 | 0.06 | |||||
Hg | 8.22 | 0.02 | 0.03 | ||||||||||
Ba | 250 | 0.50 | 0.95 | 0.75 | 720.9 | 1344.3 | 227.7 | 419.7 | 880.7 | ||||
W | 4.20 | 0.87 | 3.35 | 4.30 | 4.45 | ||||||||
Tl | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 1.00 | 3552.7 | 5566 | 5047.7 | 1281 | ||||
Pb | 6422 | 149.8 | 1387 | 36,945 | 53.30 | 250.5 | 9.93 | 38.70 | |||||
La | 0.87 | 2.23 | 1.65 | 1.60 | 42.88 | 20.77 | 22.05 | 25.00 | 127.2 | 30.03 | 24.37 | 31.57 | 38.30 |
Ce | 1.40 | 3.70 | 3.15 | 2.95 | 75.03 | 38.20 | 46.40 | 56.10 | 267.1 | 50.28 | 46.60 | 57.80 | 65.03 |
Pr | 0.17 | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 9.28 | 4.35 | 4.87 | 6.17 | 29.70 | 6.08 | 5.95 | 6.94 | 7.44 |
Nd | 0.73 | 1.93 | 2.10 | 1.85 | 33.65 | 15.63 | 19.20 | 23.3 | 107.4 | 20.33 | 23.67 | 25.77 | 25.03 |
Sm | 0.13 | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 4.95 | 3.01 | 3.59 | 4.57 | 20.53 | 3.39 | 4.53 | 4.56 | 4.05 |
Eu | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 1.03 | 0.60 | 1.04 | 1.09 | 4.00 | 1.35 | 1.26 | 1.19 | 1.21 |
Gd | 0.13 | 0.37 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 4.63 | 2.39 | 3.84 | 4.69 | 14.84 | 3.00 | 3.87 | 4.09 | 3.58 |
Tb | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.63 | 0.35 | 0.54 | 0.71 | 1.96 | 0.42 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.48 |
Dy | 0.23 | 0.47 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 3.10 | 2.53 | 2.98 | 3.73 | 11.90 | 2.13 | 3.44 | 3.24 | 2.31 |
Ho | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.73 | 0.38 | 0.56 | 0.76 | 1.60 | 0.46 | 0.78 | 0.73 | 0.47 |
Er | 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 2.23 | 1.17 | 1.77 | 2.28 | 5.16 | 1.20 | 2.10 | 1.98 | 1.43 |
Tm | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.40 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.37 | 0.81 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.21 |
Yb | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.55 | 0.70 | 2.73 | 1.05 | 1.70 | 2.28 | 6.03 | 1.36 | 2.27 | 2.15 | 1.43 |
Lu | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.45 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.95 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.23 |
Y | 1.57 | 2.53 | 4.60 | 4.30 | 19.78 | 12.63 | 21.93 | 20.83 | 13.93 | ||||
REE | 4.23 | 10.47 | 11.3 | 10.75 | 181.8 | 90.74 | 109.0 | 131.4 | 599.1 | 120.5 | 120.2 | 141.3 | 151.2 |
LREE | 3.37 | 8.87 | 8.20 | 7.50 | 166.9 | 97.14 | 116.2 | 111.5 | 106.4 | 127.9 | 141.1 | ||
HREE | 0.86 | 1.57 | 3.10 | 3.25 | 14.83 | 11.86 | 15.15 | 8.99 | 13.78 | 13.46 | 10.14 | ||
LREE/HREE | 3.92 | 5.53 | 2.65 | 2.31 | 11.58 | 3.91 | 8.19 | 7.67 | 5.01 | 12.40 | 7.72 | 9.50 | 13.91 |
(La)N/(Yb)N | 2.73 | 5.53 | 2.10 | 2.10 | 11.70 | 20.38 | 10.56 | 10.99 | 21.40 | 15.96 | 7.72 | 10.64 | 19.16 |
δEu | 1.00 | 0.53 | 0.75 | 0.60 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 0.94 | 0.72 | 0.66 | 1.28 | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.96 |
δCe | 0.90 | 0.87 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.93 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 1.01 |
Name of Mine | No. | Number of Amples | Mineral | δD/‰ | δ18O/‰ | T/℃ | δ18OH2O/‰ | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dongtangzi | 1 | 7 | quartz | −87.91 | 20.56 | 215.00 | 9.76 | [17] |
2 | 5 | quartz | −86.26 | 20.72 | 225 | 10.52 | ||
3 | 4 | quartz | −86.13 | 20.50 | 200.00 | 8.80 | ||
average | 16 | quartz | −86.77 | 20.59 | 213.33 | 9.69 | ||
Bafangshan–Erlihe | 4 | 37 | quartz | −87.49 | 18.89 | 218.95 | 8.31 | [6] |
Qiandongshan | 5 | 5 | quartz | −94.2 | −13.04 | [34] | ||
6 | 3 | quartz | −82 | −10.56 | [1] |
Type of Deposit | Ore Deposit | Number of Samples | δ34S | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sedex type | Huogeqi lead–zinc deposit in langshan area, neimenggu Province | 3.6‰~23.5‰ | [35] | |
Jiashengpan lead–zinc deposit | 17‰~31.4‰ | [36] | ||
Dongshengmiao lead–zinc deposit | 21.7‰~41.84‰ | [37] | ||
Changba lead–zinc mine in Gansu Province | 11.4‰~27.81‰ | [12] | ||
Magmatic hydrothermal type | Dongzhongla lead–zinc deposit in Tibet | 2.2‰~4.8‰ | [38] | |
Qixiashan lead zinc–deposit, Jiangsu Province | −4.6‰~3.8‰ | [37] | ||
Dongtangzi mine section | 14 | 4.29‰~9.63‰ | [17] | |
Qiandongshan mine section | 11 | 5.25‰~9.35‰ | [39] | |
Bafangshan–Erlihe | 57 | 3.70‰~12.90‰ | [6] | |
Shoubanya–Yindongliang | 6 | 2.3‰~8.0‰ | [40] |
No. | Location | Number of Samples | Mineral | 206Pb/204Pb | 207Pb/204Pb | 208Pb/204Pb | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Dongtangzi | 10 | Galena | 18.14 | 15.71 | 38.50 | [17] |
2 | Qiandongshan | 11 | Galena | 18.06 | 15.61 | 38.15 | [39] |
3 | Bafangshan—Erlihe | 9 | Galena | 18.08 | 15.63 | 38.34 | [25] |
4 | Fengya | 4 | Ore | 18.09 | 15.61 | 38.27 | [24] |
5 | Shoubanya | 6 | Ore | 18.02 | 15.60 | 38.07 | [34] |
6 | Yindongliang | 5 | Ore | 18.11 | 15.67 | 38.33 | [41] |
7 | Xiba pluton | 1 | Quartz diorite | 17.94 ± 29 | 15.47 ± 25 | 37.85 ± 64 | [42] |
4 | Potassium feldspar | 17.77 | 15.52 | 37.89 | [41] |
Location | Test Sample | Test Method | Age | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bafangshan—Erlihe lead—zinc deposit | pyrite | Re-Os isochron | 226 ± 17 Ma | [45] |
2 | Bafangshan—Erlihe lead—zinc deposit | sphalerite | Rb-Sr isochron | 220.7 ± 7.3 Ma | [46] |
3 | Bafangshan—Erlihe lead—zinc deposit | pyrite | Re-Os isochron | 226 ± 17 Ma | [47] |
4 | Qiandongshan–Dongtangzi lead—zinc deposit | Sphalerite, galena, pyrite | Rb-Sr isochron | 211.6 ± 2.6 Ma | [6] |
215.3 ± 3.2 Ma | |||||
5 | Changba—Lijiagou lead—zinc deposit | sulfide | Rb-Sr isochron | 222.3 ± 2.2 Ma | [48] |
average | 220.3 ± 6.55 Ma | ||||
6 | Bafangshan—Erlihe lead—zinc deposit | Diorite porphyrite veins | Zircon U-Pb | 214 ± 2 Ma | [45] |
7 | Bafangshan—Erlihe lead—zinc deposit | Diorite porphyrite veins | Zircon U-Pb | 221 ± 3 Ma | [45] |
8 | Bafangshan—Erlihe lead—zinc deposit | Diorite porphyrite veins | Zircon U-Pb | 214 ± 2 Ma | [25] |
9 | Bafangshan—Erlihe lead—zinc deposit | Granite porphyry dikes | Zircon U-Pb | 217.9 ± 4.5 Ma | [25] |
10 | Bafangshan—Erlihe lead—zinc deposit | Diorite porphyrite veins | Zircon U-Pb | 220 ± 2.5 Ma | [47] |
11 | Dongtangzi lead—zinc deposit | Granite porphyry dikes | Zircon U-Pb | 221.8 ± 1.1 Ma | [16] |
12 | Dongtangzi lead—zinc deposit | Granite porphyry dikes | Zircon U-Pb | 226.7 ± 1.2 Ma | [16] |
13 | Dagou pluton | Diorite porphyrite veins | Zircon U-Pb | 225.0 ± 1.0 Ma | [16] |
Dagou pluton | Granodiorite dikes | Zircon U-Pb | 217.4 ± 2.0 Ma | [16] | |
14 | average | 219.8 ± 2.14 Ma | |||
15 | Duji pluton | Biotite granite | Zircon U-Pb | 223.7 ± 1.0 Ma | [16] |
16 | Xiba pluton | monzogranite | Zircon U-Pb | 219 ± 1 Ma | [47] |
17 | Xiba pluton | granodiorite | Zircon U-Pb | 218 ± 1 Ma | [47] |
18 | Xiba pluton | monzogranite | 214.9 ± 1.1 Ma | [49] | |
19 | Hejiazhuang pluton | 248 ± 2 Ma | [50] | ||
20 | Hejiazhuang pluton | granodiorite | LA-ICP-MS | 246 ± 3 Ma | [51] |
21 | Hejiazhuang pluton | granodiorite | LA-ICP-MS | 248 ± 2 Ma | [50] |
22 | Huahongshuping pluton | granodiorite | Zircon U-Pb | 214.3 ± 2.7 Ma | [7] |
23 | Huahongshuping pluton | granodiorite | Zircon U-Pb | 225.3 ± 1.4 Ma | [16] |
24 | Taibai pluton | 216 Ma | [52] | ||
25 | Taibai pluton | Biotite monzogranite | 214 ± 2 Ma | [53] | |
26 | Baoji pluton | 216~210 Ma | [51] | ||
27 | Huayang Rock mass | monzogranite | LA-ICP-MS | 214 ± 2 Ma | [54] |
average | 224.4~225.1 ± 1.94 Ma |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, R.; Pang, Z.; Li, Q.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, J.; Cheng, H.; Wu, W.; Yang, H. Metallogenic Model and Prospecting Progress of the Qiandongshan–Dongtangzi Large Pb-Zn Deposit, Fengtai Orefield, West Qinling Orogeny. Minerals 2023, 13, 1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13091163
Wang R, Pang Z, Li Q, Zhang G, Zhang J, Cheng H, Wu W, Yang H. Metallogenic Model and Prospecting Progress of the Qiandongshan–Dongtangzi Large Pb-Zn Deposit, Fengtai Orefield, West Qinling Orogeny. Minerals. 2023; 13(9):1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13091163
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Ruiting, Zhenjia Pang, Qingfeng Li, Geli Zhang, Jiafeng Zhang, Huan Cheng, Wentang Wu, and Hongbo Yang. 2023. "Metallogenic Model and Prospecting Progress of the Qiandongshan–Dongtangzi Large Pb-Zn Deposit, Fengtai Orefield, West Qinling Orogeny" Minerals 13, no. 9: 1163. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13091163