Characterization of Historic Lime Mortars from the Arch of San Martin to Identify the Construction Phases of the City Wall of Burgos (Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Textural Characterization
3.2. Mineralogical and Chemical Characterization
3.3. Physical Characterization
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | SU | Structure | Broad Age Range |
---|---|---|---|
ARC-1 | UE213 | Foundation of the circular cube | 11th century |
ARC-2 | UE210 | Quadrangular foundation, covering the circular cube foundation | First half of the 13th century |
ARC-3 | - | Intrados of the Mudejar arch | Second half of the 13th century |
Sample | Calcite | Quartz | K-Feldspar | Phyllosilicates | Other Phases |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARC-1 BF | ** | **** | tr | ||
ARC-2 BF | * | **** | tr | ||
ARC-3 BF | **** | **** | tr | tr | tr (gypsum) |
Binder | |||||
ARC-1 < 20 μm | **** | * | tr | ||
ARC-2 < 20 μm | **** | * | * | tr (dolomite) tr (amesite) | |
ARC-3 < 20 μm | **** | tr | |||
ARC-1 < 2 μm | **** | tr | tr | ||
ARC-2 < 2 μm | **** | tr | * | tr (amesite) | |
ARC-3 < 2 μm | **** | tr (gypsum) |
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaO | K2O | TiO2 | P2O5 | SO3 | LOI | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARC-1 BF | 55.48 | 0.98 | 0.28 | 0.41 | 19.33 | 0.44 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.31 | 20.03 | 97.52 |
ARC-2 BF | 74.35 | 1.97 | 0.48 | 1.31 | 7.22 | 0.56 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 10.2 | 96.45 |
ARC-3 BF | 29.9 | 0.88 | 0.29 | 0.47 | 35.67 | 0.34 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.8 | 28.94 | 97.43 |
ARC1 < 20 µm | 13.77 | 4.4 | 1.41 | 2.49 | 35.17 | 0.91 | 0.18 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 39.67 | 98.9 |
ARC2 < 20 µm | 23.2 | 4.22 | 1.31 | 7.44 | 25.47 | 0.74 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.82 | 35.33 | 98.95 |
ARC3 < 20 µm | 3.23 | 0.96 | 0.4 | 0.82 | 44.26 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 48.98 | 99.3 |
ARC-1 < 2 µm | 1.53 | 0.54 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 53.64 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.49 | 42.15 | 99.39 |
ARC-2 < 2 µm | 2.52 | 0.57 | 0.23 | 0.84 | 52.76 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 41.46 | 99.15 |
ARC-3 < 2 µm | 0.52 | 0.30 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 54.78 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.89 | 43.04 | 100.19 |
Sample | L* | a* | b* | C* | H |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARC-1 | 81.14 | 3.08 | 7.83 | 8.41 | 68.53 |
ARC-2 | 80.45 | 3.81 | 10.85 | 11.50 | 70.66 |
ARC-3 | 84.50 | 1.54 | 8.77 | 8.90 | 80.37 |
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Ponce-Antón, G.; Zuluaga, M.C.; Ortega, L.Á.; Jiménez Echevarría, J.; Alonso Fernández, C. Characterization of Historic Lime Mortars from the Arch of San Martin to Identify the Construction Phases of the City Wall of Burgos (Spain). Minerals 2024, 14, 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14020147
Ponce-Antón G, Zuluaga MC, Ortega LÁ, Jiménez Echevarría J, Alonso Fernández C. Characterization of Historic Lime Mortars from the Arch of San Martin to Identify the Construction Phases of the City Wall of Burgos (Spain). Minerals. 2024; 14(2):147. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14020147
Chicago/Turabian StylePonce-Antón, Graciela, Maria Cruz Zuluaga, Luis Ángel Ortega, Javier Jiménez Echevarría, and Carmen Alonso Fernández. 2024. "Characterization of Historic Lime Mortars from the Arch of San Martin to Identify the Construction Phases of the City Wall of Burgos (Spain)" Minerals 14, no. 2: 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14020147