Paleo-Sedimentary Environment and Formation Mechanism of the Organic-Rich Shale of the Permian Lucaogou Formation, Jimsar Sag, Junggar Basin, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Background
3. Samples and Methods
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Paleo-Environment Analysis
4.1.1. Stratigraphic Division
4.1.2. Paleo-Climate Analysis
4.1.3. Paleo-Salinity Analysis
4.1.4. Paleo-Limnological Analysis
4.1.5. Redox Condition
4.1.6. Paleo-Water Depth Analysis
4.1.7. Extreme Environmental Response Analysis
4.2. Formation Mechanism of Organic-Rich Shale
4.2.1. Organic Matter Enrichment Mode
4.2.2. Organic-Rich Shale Sedimentation Model
5. Conclusions
- The Lucaogou Formation, divided into six layers (L6 to L1) from bottom to top, showcases varying lithology, logging response, geochemical attributes, and sedimentary structures. The deposition of this formation primarily occurred within a hot and arid climate, in a saltwater depositional environment marked by salinity fluctuations that corresponded with changes in climate conditions.
- The Lucaogou Formation formed through semi-closed lake sedimentation, characterized by the lake not being completely closed, and exhibited an anoxic-reducing environment. The paleo-water depth increased gradually from L6 to L1, reflecting concurrent changes in climate and salinity. The predominant source lithology is felsic igneous rock. Small-scale transgression and hydrothermal sedimentation occurred during the deposition.
- The Lucaogou Formation is organically rich due to the stable reducing environment and hot climate. Organic matter is enriched in matrix and laminar modes, formed, respectively, by algal blooming and resuspension transport mechanisms. The matrix organic-rich shale developed in a hot deep-water environment, while the laminar organic-rich shale formed in a shallow water setting, characterized by a warm climate, low salinity, and restricted circulation. The enrichment of organic matter likely contributed to the formation of primary biogenetic dolomite.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Layer | Sedimentary Structures | Logging Response Characteristics | TOC (%) | Lithology |
---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | Numerous scour structures, fewer horizontal and cross laminations, with a certain amount of bioturbation | Low (<20 ohm) to high (>1000 ohm) electrical resistivity; very low (<2.5 g/cc) density, with slower change than that of other layers; large interval transit time (>80 us/ft) | 2.7/0–10 | Shale and dolomite interbedding, amount of shale increases upward, locally sandwiched dolomitic sandstone |
L2 | Fewer horizontal laminations, abundant biological disturbance, and numerous scour structures | Large fluctuations in electrical resistivity, saw-toothed curve with spikes and large average value (~1000 ohm); extremely low density of local thin laminae (<2.3 g/cc), with saw-toothed spikes; general interval transit time of >70 us/ft, with local magnification (>90 us/ft) and saw-toothed spikes. | 4.3/0–18 | Dolomitic shale, with locally sandwiched dolomitic sandstone |
L3 | Several horizontal laminations and bioturbation, with some turbidity structures | Low electrical resistivity (<100 ohm) | 1.9/0–9 | mudstone |
L4 | More horizontal laminations and cross laminations, with occurrence of thick turbidites | Electrical resistivity increases (high value > 100 ohm), with a dense saw-tooth profile; average density < 2.5 g/cc; large interval transit time (average > 70 us/ft) | 2.0/0–9.5 | Dolomitic silty sandstone |
L5 | Numerous horizontal laminations, and frequent bioturbation | Electrical resistivity < 40 ohm; density < 2.45 g/cc, saw-toothed curve; saw-toothed interval transit time with an average of >75 us/ft | 4.5/0–16 | Dolomitic mudstone and dolomitic shale, with sandwiched silty sandstone |
L6 | Numerous thick horizontal laminations with obvious deformation structures | Low (<2.5 g/cc) to high (>2.6 g/cc) density; large (>80 us/ft) to small (<60 us/ft) interval transit times | 1.9/0–8 | Calcareous clay |
No. | Depth (m) | Sr/Cu | Sr/Ba | V/(V + Ni) | Mn/Fe | Zr (ppm) | HREE (ppm) | LREE (ppm) | Ga (ppm) | V (ppm) | Th/Cr | Th/Sc | La/Sc | La/Co | Al/(Al + Fe + Mn) | Fe/Ti | δ13C (VPDB, ‰) | δ18O (VPDB, ‰) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3111.04 | 1.57 | 0.23 | 0.53 | 0.00 | 405.00 | 8.59 | 57.53 | 12.00 | 59.30 | 0.05 | 0.63 | 2.94 | 0.91 | 0.73 | 7.69 | 5.90 | −9.20 |
2 | 3113.34 | 93.14 | 4.39 | 0.76 | 0.13 | 109.00 | 14.29 | 69.34 | 6.53 | 17.20 | 0.41 | 0.81 | 3.40 | 2.35 | 0.91 | 10.03 | ||
3 | 3114.27 | 3.40 | 0.31 | 0.75 | 0.03 | 362.00 | 18.67 | 117.39 | 17.50 | 118.00 | 0.09 | 0.53 | 2.62 | 1.58 | 0.77 | 6.23 | ||
4 | 3121.20 | 1.64 | 0.25 | 0.81 | 0.01 | 471.00 | 24.19 | 148.07 | 18.50 | 87.30 | 0.13 | 1.68 | 6.82 | 1.89 | 0.87 | 3.09 | ||
5 | 3124.84 | 3.19 | 0.41 | 0.66 | 0.04 | 397.00 | 33.46 | 181.92 | 13.30 | 61.00 | 0.47 | 1.08 | 2.54 | 4.36 | 0.87 | 2.92 | 10.40 | −10.30 |
6 | 3124.80 | 252.98 | 4.50 | 0.95 | 0.09 | 73.80 | 22.25 | 84.91 | 2.26 | 94.60 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.86 | 3.24 | 0.43 | 27.25 | 8.30 | −9.20 |
7 | 3118.18 | 11.10 | 2.34 | 0.76 | 0.08 | 242.00 | 17.81 | 112.26 | 12.40 | 110.00 | 0.12 | 0.52 | 2.39 | 1.67 | 0.75 | 6.20 | ||
8 | 3135.11 | 3.90 | 1.15 | 0.88 | 0.03 | 338.00 | 17.37 | 118.45 | 12.80 | 95.80 | 0.13 | 0.63 | 2.89 | 1.88 | 0.75 | 6.75 | ||
9 | 3127.02 | 6.30 | 0.30 | 0.86 | 0.02 | 301.00 | 24.67 | 141.87 | 21.80 | 83.20 | 0.17 | 0.74 | 3.62 | 4.12 | 0.75 | 9.82 | 4.70 | −14.50 |
10 | 3127.00 | 4.27 | 0.27 | 0.73 | 0.01 | 351.00 | 27.55 | 152.74 | 24.70 | 94.50 | 0.16 | 0.76 | 3.63 | 5.20 | 0.74 | 9.24 | 4.40 | −14.30 |
11 | 3141.55 | 3.90 | 0.40 | 0.78 | 0.00 | 356.00 | 16.57 | 133.05 | 21.70 | 154.00 | 0.12 | 0.90 | 4.20 | 2.10 | 0.72 | 7.86 | ||
12 | 3143.82 | 35.02 | 3.27 | 0.78 | 0.03 | 187.00 | 15.76 | 86.11 | 6.67 | 60.30 | 0.12 | 0.27 | 0.96 | 1.07 | 0.74 | 6.07 | ||
13 | 3145.19 | 83.24 | 4.81 | 0.87 | 0.03 | 191.00 | 12.79 | 76.44 | 5.61 | 63.20 | 0.13 | 0.32 | 1.32 | 2.37 | 0.64 | 11.33 | ||
14 | 3145.29 | 72.37 | 2.35 | 0.89 | 0.02 | 181.00 | 19.51 | 134.52 | 7.82 | 64.10 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 1.83 | 5.70 | 0.58 | 16.50 | ||
15 | 3146.10 | 3.33 | 0.34 | 0.81 | 0.02 | 296.00 | 12.68 | 95.34 | 14.40 | 131.00 | 0.09 | 0.53 | 2.91 | 1.38 | 0.80 | 5.48 | 5.40 | −5.60 |
16 | 3162.81 | 12.78 | 1.03 | 0.72 | 0.01 | 303.00 | 15.21 | 102.85 | 15.60 | 72.80 | 0.09 | 0.89 | 4.64 | 1.87 | 0.78 | 5.77 | ||
17 | 3181.77 | 6.44 | 0.97 | 0.73 | 0.02 | 260.00 | 11.54 | 83.27 | 13.10 | 92.80 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 2.17 | 1.35 | 0.75 | 6.95 | 8.30 | −9.60 |
18 | 3190.64 | 485.53 | 5.61 | 0.96 | 0.04 | 61.70 | 12.16 | 55.50 | 1.33 | 75.50 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.40 | 3.48 | 0.32 | 55.59 | ||
19 | 3192.50 | 8.59 | 0.71 | 0.78 | 0.01 | 230.00 | 9.77 | 74.20 | 12.30 | 66.40 | 0.06 | 0.45 | 2.72 | 1.65 | 0.73 | 8.13 | ||
20 | 3199.99 | 32.97 | 1.44 | 0.81 | 0.03 | 288.00 | 22.27 | 127.66 | 15.40 | 103.00 | 0.10 | 0.76 | 3.41 | 3.02 | 0.81 | 5.45 | 6.90 | −7.70 |
21 | 3200.04 | 21.56 | 1.30 | 0.77 | 0.03 | 286.00 | 22.98 | 141.78 | 13.40 | 85.70 | 0.12 | 0.82 | 4.21 | 2.94 | 0.80 | 5.48 | 7.30 | −6.10 |
22 | 3217.63 | 60.52 | 5.34 | 0.75 | 0.05 | 134.00 | 30.52 | 133.79 | 5.52 | 53.10 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 1.31 | 2.61 | 0.76 | 5.48 | 7.00 | −5.30 |
23 | 3228.90 | 16.91 | 1.09 | 0.81 | 0.01 | 234.00 | 20.87 | 117.89 | 14.20 | 74.70 | 0.22 | 1.48 | 3.91 | 3.17 | 0.75 | 7.61 | ||
24 | 3235.38 | 31.70 | 1.91 | 0.75 | 0.04 | 250.00 | 19.03 | 102.88 | 11.20 | 65.00 | 0.14 | 0.47 | 1.85 | 1.99 | 0.71 | 8.12 | ||
25 | 3237.77 | 9.57 | 2.49 | 0.73 | 0.03 | 221.00 | 18.48 | 101.66 | 9.49 | 83.20 | 0.23 | 0.85 | 2.05 | 1.47 | 0.72 | 6.67 | ||
26 | 3242.98 | 20.36 | 4.21 | 0.87 | 0.04 | 56.40 | 14.72 | 77.46 | 2.55 | 90.00 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.64 | 2.04 | 0.40 | 21.56 | 9.60 | −1.50 |
27 | 3244.62 | 125.23 | 4.55 | 0.86 | 0.05 | 139.00 | 15.39 | 97.35 | 5.08 | 63.20 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.71 | 2.92 | 0.55 | 16.37 | ||
28 | 3246.26 | 12.74 | 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.00 | 254.00 | 13.67 | 86.61 | 14.60 | 79.50 | 0.08 | 0.70 | 2.65 | 1.18 | 0.47 | 30.87 | 6.70 | −8.30 |
29 | 3246.21 | 16.21 | 1.09 | 0.61 | 0.00 | 366.00 | 23.54 | 135.95 | 19.50 | 113.00 | 0.14 | 0.91 | 3.69 | 3.16 | 0.78 | 6.37 | 6.00 | −9.30 |
30 | 3250.08 | 43.28 | 2.64 | 0.77 | 0.03 | 179.00 | 16.34 | 99.58 | 7.59 | 49.30 | 0.12 | 0.37 | 2.19 | 2.59 | 0.70 | 8.37 | ||
31 | 3258.69 | 13.10 | 2.11 | 0.73 | 0.03 | 194.00 | 20.44 | 121.82 | 9.38 | 99.40 | 0.46 | 1.84 | 2.49 | 2.27 | 0.68 | 8.05 | ||
32 | 3263.36 | 57.84 | 2.51 | 0.76 | 0.03 | 218.00 | 20.73 | 105.84 | 10.80 | 70.50 | 0.17 | 0.61 | 1.95 | 3.18 | 0.73 | 7.79 | ||
33 | 3264.16 | 4.58 | 1.27 | 0.72 | 0.02 | 289.00 | 17.91 | 91.74 | 12.60 | 76.10 | 0.16 | 1.29 | 3.06 | 1.51 | 0.80 | 4.81 | 9.10 | −4.40 |
34 | 3269.74 | 46.07 | 2.88 | 0.86 | 0.03 | 269.00 | 16.77 | 100.06 | 11.70 | 115.00 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 1.61 | 1.87 | 0.70 | 9.21 | ||
35 | 3275.25 | 11.76 | 0.99 | 0.66 | 0.03 | 296.00 | 20.39 | 95.23 | 14.40 | 76.70 | 0.10 | 0.79 | 2.51 | 1.34 | 0.79 | 6.38 | 8.60 | −5.40 |
36 | 3278.33 | 42.46 | 2.11 | 0.79 | 0.04 | 266.00 | 20.77 | 98.62 | 10.40 | 93.80 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 2.20 | 2.58 | 0.73 | 7.12 | 10.00 | −2.80 |
37 | 3279.11 | 12.95 | 2.57 | 0.80 | 0.04 | 265.00 | 13.09 | 91.94 | 6.85 | 103.00 | 0.22 | 0.66 | 1.95 | 1.86 | 0.71 | 6.96 | 9.70 | −5.80 |
38 | 3279.01 | 6.60 | 1.78 | 0.85 | 0.03 | 272.00 | 18.03 | 124.86 | 10.10 | 116.00 | 0.59 | 2.99 | 3.02 | 1.57 | 0.72 | 7.03 | 8.90 | −7.60 |
39 | 3280.07 | 83.43 | 2.82 | 0.83 | 0.04 | 241.00 | 14.44 | 101.93 | 6.63 | 87.20 | 0.09 | 0.24 | 1.91 | 3.05 | 0.66 | 10.93 | ||
40 | 3280.53 | 30.96 | 1.75 | 0.82 | 0.04 | 272.00 | 20.29 | 122.51 | 9.75 | 92.40 | 0.10 | 0.38 | 2.65 | 2.93 | 0.79 | 5.27 | ||
41 | 3285.45 | 47.59 | 2.24 | 0.79 | 0.03 | 266.00 | 17.95 | 110.91 | 11.80 | 79.00 | 0.05 | 0.27 | 2.00 | 2.46 | 0.78 | 5.86 | ||
42 | 3286.00 | 38.03 | 2.02 | 0.86 | 0.02 | 332.00 | 20.99 | 125.64 | 12.20 | 42.70 | 0.08 | 0.70 | 5.26 | 3.44 | 0.87 | 3.18 | ||
43 | 3286.14 | 24.20 | 1.25 | 0.84 | 0.03 | 304.00 | 20.33 | 160.04 | 12.00 | 80.20 | 0.08 | 0.56 | 5.88 | 4.14 | 0.84 | 4.38 | ||
44 | 3286.06 | 21.01 | 1.07 | 0.70 | 0.01 | 320.00 | 21.72 | 161.76 | 16.30 | 97.60 | 0.07 | 0.69 | 7.35 | 3.53 | 0.78 | 6.20 | ||
45 | 3287.39 | 27.34 | 1.86 | 0.81 | 0.02 | 251.00 | 12.04 | 70.85 | 7.21 | 54.30 | 0.22 | 0.88 | 2.56 | 1.95 | 0.76 | 6.90 | 10.10 | −7.10 |
46 | 3287.98 | 15.75 | 2.58 | 0.82 | 0.03 | 248.00 | 17.17 | 122.11 | 6.76 | 84.20 | 0.27 | 0.93 | 3.38 | 2.27 | 0.65 | 8.96 | ||
47 | 3284.63 | 19.31 | 2.89 | 0.72 | 0.03 | 168.00 | 12.42 | 80.94 | 5.98 | 89.90 | 0.20 | 0.44 | 1.11 | 2.21 | 0.65 | 9.93 | 10.40 | −9.00 |
48 | 3284.61 | 22.02 | 3.11 | 0.75 | 0.03 | 193.00 | 17.67 | 115.95 | 6.26 | 73.90 | 0.37 | 0.99 | 1.78 | 2.17 | 0.70 | 7.64 | 9.10 | −12.40 |
49 | 3292.01 | 11.39 | 1.70 | 0.74 | 0.02 | 217.00 | 23.65 | 115.93 | 7.31 | 63.80 | 0.17 | 0.65 | 2.83 | 2.68 | 0.61 | 11.51 | 10.20 | −3.30 |
50 | 3299.63 | 12.14 | 2.93 | 0.80 | 0.04 | 222.00 | 18.86 | 110.82 | 8.31 | 95.20 | 0.17 | 0.58 | 2.46 | 2.05 | 0.72 | 6.94 | ||
51 | 3303.39 | 32.84 | 1.89 | 0.82 | 0.01 | 209.00 | 15.19 | 99.17 | 8.98 | 69.10 | 0.10 | 0.48 | 2.44 | 2.04 | 0.62 | 17.56 | 7.20 | −3.90 |
52 | 3303.42 | 21.57 | 1.47 | 0.68 | 0.03 | 244.00 | 19.70 | 119.46 | 11.60 | 112.00 | 0.11 | 0.55 | 2.31 | 2.31 | 0.76 | 6.55 | 8.50 | −1.50 |
53 | 3303.47 | 17.12 | 1.14 | 0.85 | 0.01 | 283.00 | 15.96 | 100.90 | 15.50 | 117.00 | 0.07 | 0.49 | 2.19 | 1.43 | 0.75 | 7.64 | 6.00 | −6.10 |
54 | 3303.48 | 69.57 | 6.67 | 0.83 | 0.13 | 86.20 | 8.55 | 46.66 | 2.84 | 40.10 | 0.26 | 0.63 | 1.57 | 1.06 | 0.64 | 7.03 | 9.90 | −11.00 |
55 | 3303.45 | 16.42 | 3.80 | 0.76 | 0.02 | 186.00 | 24.41 | 98.78 | 5.85 | 81.00 | 0.26 | 0.70 | 1.59 | 0.97 | 0.71 | 6.27 | 7.40 | −2.00 |
56 | 3303.43 | 22.82 | 4.76 | 0.84 | 0.03 | 154.00 | 18.80 | 118.75 | 5.67 | 72.10 | 0.31 | 0.71 | 2.33 | 1.61 | 0.67 | 7.85 | 7.00 | −3.40 |
57 | 3304.91 | 14.51 | 0.86 | 0.80 | 0.01 | 351.00 | 24.44 | 109.26 | 14.00 | 83.50 | 0.14 | 0.67 | 2.36 | 2.12 | 0.74 | 6.03 | 8.70 | 0.20 |
58 | 3304.86 | 78.91 | 3.00 | 0.88 | 0.05 | 236.00 | 15.98 | 88.59 | 8.56 | 64.70 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 1.28 | 1.96 | 0.67 | 11.70 | 9.50 | −2.20 |
59 | 3304.80 | 62.38 | 5.37 | 0.87 | 0.05 | 243.00 | 15.51 | 92.29 | 7.62 | 80.80 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.96 | 2.59 | 0.61 | 12.00 | 9.20 | −2.40 |
60 | 3305.88 | 11.32 | 4.33 | 0.83 | 0.03 | 145.00 | 23.67 | 107.43 | 5.52 | 92.70 | 0.29 | 0.87 | 2.24 | 1.93 | 0.63 | 8.98 | ||
61 | 3306.69 | 27.16 | 1.97 | 0.82 | 0.00 | 264.00 | 18.77 | 102.42 | 11.30 | 51.60 | 0.12 | 0.74 | 2.85 | 1.49 | 0.24 | 58.52 | ||
62 | 3302.13 | 18.25 | 1.10 | 0.60 | 0.03 | 291.00 | 14.93 | 100.99 | 13.00 | 96.70 | 0.07 | 0.42 | 1.92 | 1.61 | 0.79 | 6.12 | 8.10 | −4.60 |
63 | 3313.18 | 9.63 | 3.02 | 0.83 | 0.03 | 254.00 | 21.89 | 122.94 | 8.52 | 125.00 | 0.12 | 0.50 | 3.46 | 2.29 | 0.62 | 9.90 | 9.50 | −6.90 |
64 | 3314.20 | 9.19 | 3.52 | 0.74 | 0.02 | 247.00 | 21.34 | 111.90 | 9.26 | 124.00 | 0.19 | 0.74 | 2.08 | 1.60 | 0.63 | 9.64 | 7.30 | −11.70 |
65 | 3314.18 | 94.72 | 3.52 | 0.76 | 0.07 | 165.00 | 12.79 | 73.27 | 5.06 | 56.00 | 0.19 | 0.79 | 2.68 | 1.95 | 0.70 | 6.69 | 7.90 | −13.60 |
66 | 3318.35 | 10.91 | 5.34 | 0.81 | 0.03 | 244.00 | 15.81 | 114.26 | 6.95 | 118.00 | 0.20 | 0.61 | 2.51 | 1.58 | 0.63 | 8.56 | ||
67 | 3318.36 | 13.14 | 4.61 | 0.82 | 0.04 | 235.00 | 14.82 | 116.33 | 5.70 | 98.40 | 0.26 | 0.59 | 2.27 | 1.57 | 0.64 | 8.56 | ||
68 | 3322.25 | 19.05 | 5.86 | 0.83 | 0.04 | 125.00 | 19.92 | 123.21 | 5.00 | 90.90 | 0.30 | 0.59 | 2.55 | 2.05 | 0.63 | 8.65 | 8.90 | −4.30 |
69 | 3322.29 | 10.35 | 3.90 | 0.84 | 0.04 | 219.00 | 17.24 | 108.73 | 8.98 | 122.00 | 0.33 | 1.00 | 3.56 | 2.25 | 0.72 | 7.46 | 8.70 | −9.40 |
70 | 3338.05 | 14.27 | 4.26 | 0.86 | 0.03 | 232.00 | 19.39 | 87.07 | 7.91 | 114.00 | 0.17 | 0.52 | 2.86 | 2.41 | 0.73 | 6.28 | 5.60 | −9.10 |
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Zhao, Z.; Lin, S.; Luo, X.; Zhang, L. Paleo-Sedimentary Environment and Formation Mechanism of the Organic-Rich Shale of the Permian Lucaogou Formation, Jimsar Sag, Junggar Basin, China. Minerals 2024, 14, 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070635
Zhao Z, Lin S, Luo X, Zhang L. Paleo-Sedimentary Environment and Formation Mechanism of the Organic-Rich Shale of the Permian Lucaogou Formation, Jimsar Sag, Junggar Basin, China. Minerals. 2024; 14(7):635. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070635
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Zhongying, Senhu Lin, Xia Luo, and Lijun Zhang. 2024. "Paleo-Sedimentary Environment and Formation Mechanism of the Organic-Rich Shale of the Permian Lucaogou Formation, Jimsar Sag, Junggar Basin, China" Minerals 14, no. 7: 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070635