The Fluid Evolution in the Skarn Stages of the Baoshan Skarn Cu-Polymetallic Deposit, South China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
2.1. Regional Geology
2.2. Deposit Geology
3. Sampling and Analytical Methods
3.1. Sampling
3.2. Analytical Methods
4. Results
4.1. Petrography and Cathodoluminescence (CL)
4.2. Major and Trace Element Geochemistry of Garnet
4.3. Major Element Geochemistry of Diopside
4.4. Trace Element Geochemistry of Scheelite
5. Discussion
5.1. REE Pattern and Substitution Mechanism
5.2. Redox State of Ore-Forming Fluids
5.3. Sources and Evolution of Ore-Forming Fluids
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- In the early skarn stage of the Baoshan deposit, two generations of garnet (Grt1 and Grt2) were identified, with Grt1 having a coarse granular texture and distinct zonation, and Grt2 cutting across Grt1 as veinlets. Additionally, pyroxene in the early skarn stage coexists with Grt1 and is similarly cut by Grt2. In the late skarn stage, three generations of scheelite (Sch I, Sch II, and Sch III) were identified. Sch I and Sch II appear as anhedral to subhedral grains, while Sch III is predominantly found in veinlets.
- (2)
- In Sch I and Sch II, most of the REEs enter the scheelite lattice via the Na-REE coupled substitution mechanism, with a smaller portion entering by substituting Ca vacancies. In Sch III, the substitution mechanism involving Ca site vacancies may dominate.
- (3)
- During the early skarn stage, the oxygen fugacity of the fluid gradually decreased from Grt1 and pyroxene to Grt2. During the late skarn stage, the fluid oxygen fugacity shows little change from Sch I and Sch II to Sch III in the shallow part, while it significantly decreases from Sch I and Sch II to Sch III in the deeper part.
- (4)
- The garnet and pyroxene from the Baoshan deposit align with typical skarn Cu deposit compositions, while scheelite in the late skarn stage shows Sch I, Sch II, and shallow Sch III as skarn-type and deep Sch III as vein-type scheelite. In the early skarn stage, the pH of the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid was weakly acidic. Sch I, Sch II, and Sch III originated from the magmatic hydrothermal fluids related to the Baoshan granite porphyry. The formation of Sch III also involved water–rock interactions.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zheng, P.; Chen, K.; Zhang, J.-K.; Liu, Z.-F.; Li, Y.-S.; He, M.-P. The Fluid Evolution in the Skarn Stages of the Baoshan Skarn Cu-Polymetallic Deposit, South China. Minerals 2024, 14, 907. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090907
Zheng P, Chen K, Zhang J-K, Liu Z-F, Li Y-S, He M-P. The Fluid Evolution in the Skarn Stages of the Baoshan Skarn Cu-Polymetallic Deposit, South China. Minerals. 2024; 14(9):907. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090907
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Ping, Ke Chen, Jun-Ke Zhang, Zhong-Fa Liu, Yong-Shun Li, and Ming-Peng He. 2024. "The Fluid Evolution in the Skarn Stages of the Baoshan Skarn Cu-Polymetallic Deposit, South China" Minerals 14, no. 9: 907. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090907