Origin of Minerals and Critical Metals in an Argillized Tuff from the Huayingshan Coalfield, Southwestern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
3. Samples and Analytical Techniques
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Comparison between Mineralogical and Chemical Data
4.2. Minerals in the Samples
4.2.1. Clay Minerals
4.2.2. Pyrite
4.2.3. Carbonate Minerals
4.2.4. Anatase and Rutile
4.2.5. Florencite and Other Minerals
4.3. Elements in the Samples
4.3.1. Concentrations of Selected Major and Trace Elements
4.3.2. Modes of Occurrence of Critical Metals
4.3.3. REY Distribution Patterns and Anomalies
5. Discussion
5.1. Formation of the Minerals
5.2. Chemical Composition of the Original Volcanic Ash
5.3. Potential Economic Significance of the Rare Metals in the Tuffs
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Quartz | Kaolinite | Illite | Chlorite | Pyrite | Calcite | Ankerite | Hematite | Analcite | Anatase | Rutile | Florencite | Jarosite | Bassanite |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | - | 42.5 | 25.7 | - | 25.6 | 0.3 | - | - | 0.6 | 3.7 | - | 0.7 | 1 | - |
2 | - | 41.7 | 42 | - | 10.7 | 1 | - | - | - | 4.1 | - | 0.5 | - | - |
3 | 0.3 | 34.4 | 42.4 | 3.8 | 14.2 | - | - | - | - | 4.4 | - | 0.4 | 0.1 | - |
4 | - | 57.1 | 34.7 | - | 1.4 | 0.1 | - | - | 0.5 | 5.5 | - | 0.6 | - | - |
5 | - | 63.5 | 27.7 | - | 2.9 | 0.1 | - | - | - | 5 | - | 0.8 | - | - |
6 | - | 79 | 7.6 | - | 5.1 | - | - | 1.3 | - | 5.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 | - | - |
7 | - | 70.2 | 6 | - | 15.2 | 0.5 | - | 1.3 | - | 5.2 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 | - |
8 | - | 79.6 | 6.3 | - | 5.3 | 0.4 | - | 1.1 | - | 6.1 | 0.5 | 0.7 | - | - |
9 | - | 80.9 | 5.4 | - | 4.7 | - | 0.3 | 1.2 | - | 6.2 | 0.5 | 0.7 | - | - |
10 | - | 78.7 | 3.7 | - | 7.1 | 0.6 | - | 1.3 | - | 7.3 | 0.4 | 0.8 | - | - |
11 | - | 81.6 | 4.3 | - | 3.4 | 0.5 | - | 0.8 | - | 8.1 | 0.6 | 0.8 | - | - |
12 | - | 81.2 | 5.4 | - | 3.8 | 0.4 | 1.2 | - | - | 6.9 | 0.5 | 0.7 | - | - |
13 | 0.1 | 81 | 4.3 | - | 4.8 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1 | - | 6.6 | 0.4 | 0.7 | - | - |
14 | 0.1 | 76 | 4.7 | - | 11.1 | - | - | 0.9 | - | 5.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | - |
15 | - | 65.5 | 4 | - | 23.7 | 0.6 | - | - | - | 3.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.8 |
16 | 0.3 | 71.2 | - | - | 20.8 | 1.3 | - | - | - | 4.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.1 | - |
17 | - | 63.5 | 3.5 | - | 27.7 | 0.7 | - | - | - | 3.7 | - | 0.4 | 0.6 | - |
18 | - | 67.6 | - | - | 25.3 | 0.5 | - | - | - | 4.2 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.1 | - |
19 | - | 58.4 | 4.3 | - | 31.6 | 0.5 | - | - | - | 3.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.9 | - |
20 | 0.2 | 47.2 | 6.8 | - | 39.6 | 0.3 | - | - | - | 3.6 | - | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.1 |
Sample | LOI | SiO2 | TiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaO | MnO | Na2O | K2O | P2O5 | Total | Li | Be | F | Sc | V | Cr | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 16.7 | 32.4 | 2.9 | 27.0 | 16.2 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 2.99 | 0.14 | 82.5 | 994 | 4.9 | 796 | 23 | 298 | 267 | 77 | 154 | 62 | 22 |
2 | 13.8 | 37.1 | 3.8 | 29.9 | 8.8 | 0.37 | 0.79 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 3.55 | 0.13 | 84.5 | 1348 | 4.9 | 718 | 25 | 391 | 302 | 68 | 113 | 197 | 30 |
3 | 13.7 | 36.7 | 3.8 | 30.3 | 9.9 | 0.37 | 0.11 | 0.003 | 0.2 | 3.94 | 0.13 | 85.4 | 2231 | 4.5 | 637 | 22 | 348 | 252 | 37 | 67 | 221 | 33 |
4 | 11.8 | 42.2 | 5.6 | 33.5 | 1.9 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.005 | 0.16 | 3.14 | 0.21 | 87.2 | 1826 | 5.7 | 625 | 21 | 562 | 746 | 32 | 67 | 346 | 35 |
5 | 12.6 | 41.1 | 5.5 | 33.3 | 3.5 | 0.21 | 0.1 | 0.003 | 0.14 | 2.42 | 0.21 | 86.4 | 1628 | 5.8 | 580 | 19 | 355 | 629 | 38 | 72 | 520 | 16 |
6 | 13.9 | 39.9 | 5.6 | 33.1 | 4.6 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.004 | 0.12 | 1.27 | 0.21 | 85.1 | 1420 | 5.8 | 566 | 19 | 595 | 520 | 51 | 103 | 49 | 40 |
7 | 18.4 | 31.8 | 4.2 | 28.3 | 14.6 | 0.18 | 0.35 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.71 | 0.15 | 80.5 | 968 | 4.6 | 401 | 11 | 451 | 468 | 60 | 110 | 163 | 93 |
8 | 14.6 | 38.6 | 5.8 | 32.1 | 5.8 | 0.21 | 0.37 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.97 | 0.2 | 84.3 | 1073 | 5.6 | 511 | 17 | 583 | 568 | 65 | 106 | 130 | 73 |
9 | 14.6 | 39.1 | 6.5 | 32.6 | 4.4 | 0.19 | 0.3 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.83 | 0.2 | 84.3 | 1131 | 5.9 | 522 | 16 | 514 | 453 | 100 | 225 | 276 | 100 |
10 | 16.0 | 38.3 | 6.5 | 31.8 | 4.3 | 0.17 | 0.34 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.69 | 0.19 | 82.5 | 1000 | 5.3 | 451 | 14 | 582 | 473 | 96 | 249 | 265 | 118 |
11 | 14.0 | 39.2 | 8.0 | 32.4 | 3.6 | 0.15 | 0.39 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.61 | 0.23 | 84.6 | 1029 | 5.4 | 412 | 19 | 655 | 512 | 62 | 147 | 314 | 73 |
12 | 14.1 | 39.3 | 6.7 | 32.4 | 3.9 | 0.23 | 0.68 | 0.04 | 0.1 | 0.77 | 0.21 | 84.4 | 951 | 5.1 | 390 | 19 | 452 | 471 | 45 | 123 | 252 | 73 |
13 | 14.5 | 38.9 | 6.6 | 32.4 | 4.4 | 0.18 | 0.35 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 83.9 | 944 | 5.1 | 380 | 17 | 594 | 377 | 48 | 139 | 338 | 70 |
14 | 17.9 | 34.7 | 4.9 | 29.9 | 10.6 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.003 | 0.1 | 0.69 | 0.16 | 81.2 | 927 | 4.3 | 338 | 14 | 500 | 710 | 24 | 91 | 243 | 142 |
15 | 20.4 | 29.6 | 3.2 | 26.8 | 17.9 | 0.13 | 0.46 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.43 | 0.12 | 78.6 | 365 | 3.2 | 414 | 20 | 314 | 453 | 25 | 109 | 208 | 123 |
16 | 19.3 | 30.8 | 3.4 | 27.9 | 16.3 | 0.14 | 0.41 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.48 | 0.12 | 79.7 | 946 | 3.6 | 414 | 26 | 328 | 510 | 32 | 169 | 205 | 120 |
17 | 20.4 | 29.3 | 3.1 | 26.7 | 18.6 | 0.14 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.43 | 0.1 | 78.8 | 824 | 3.4 | 390 | 24 | 307 | 514 | 28 | 179 | 185 | 71 |
18 | 20.0 | 29.8 | 3.2 | 27.1 | 17.8 | 0.15 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.47 | 0.12 | 79.1 | 637 | 3.3 | 429 | 25 | 281 | 415 | 29 | 148 | 196 | 70 |
19 | 22.2 | 26.3 | 2.6 | 24.5 | 22.4 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.005 | 0.11 | 0.49 | 0.08 | 77.0 | 443 | 2.9 | 351 | 21 | 252 | 436 | 18 | 125 | 173 | 356 |
20 | 23.5 | 23.7 | 2.4 | 22.2 | 25.5 | 0.19 | 0.54 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.66 | 0.08 | 75.3 | 370 | 2.2 | 318 | 19 | 251 | 432 | 11 | 78 | 147 | 233 |
Sample | Ga | Ge | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Cs | Ba | Hf | Ta | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Th | U |
1 | 43 | 2.5 | 38.7 | 730 | 72 | 614 | 83 | 0.67 | 0.91 | 0.25 | 7.9 | 1.77 | 4.2 | 99 | 17 | 5.4 | 190 | 0.37 | 30 | 1.57 | 19 | 5.6 |
2 | 51 | 3.7 | 31.5 | 242 | 50 | 738 | 96 | 0.59 | 1 | 0.55 | 9.5 | 1.78 | 3.7 | 59 | 19 | 5.9 | 202 | 0.17 | 23 | 1.11 | 16 | 2.7 |
3 | 53 | 3.9 | 46.9 | 534 | 50 | 724 | 94 | 0.38 | 0.96 | 0.75 | 8.8 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 78 | 19 | 5.8 | 65 | 0.1 | 9 | 1.63 | 14 | 2.3 |
4 | 46 | 3.8 | 35.5 | 569 | 42 | 958 | 125 | 0.52 | 1.23 | 0.57 | 10.3 | 0.93 | 4.0 | 86 | 25 | 7.7 | 85 | 0.04 | 13 | 0.97 | 16 | 3.0 |
5 | 41 | 2.7 | 23.2 | 186 | 38 | 873 | 122 | 0.02 | 1.17 | 0.69 | 2.1 | 0.36 | 3.8 | 51 | 22 | 7.7 | 84 | 0.04 | 11 | 1.26 | 16 | 3.0 |
6 | 42 | 2.3 | 14.7 | 543 | 36 | 948 | 126 | 1.22 | 1.24 | 0.25 | 9.3 | 2.58 | 3.4 | 90 | 25 | 7.9 | 255 | 0.13 | 13 | 1.94 | 11 | 5.0 |
7 | 37 | 3.4 | 10.0 | 647 | 21 | 784 | 105 | 0.81 | 1.4 | 0.36 | 9.0 | 3.58 | 3.0 | 100 | 21 | 6.6 | 249 | 0.45 | 19 | 1.05 | 10 | 3.2 |
8 | 47 | 3.1 | 10.9 | 464 | 31 | 983 | 133 | 0.85 | 1.55 | 0.39 | 10.8 | 3.51 | 3.4 | 92 | 25 | 8.1 | 167 | 0.11 | 16 | 1.09 | 16 | 4.8 |
9 | 49 | 3.2 | 9.8 | 388 | 30 | 1041 | 140 | 0.73 | 1.72 | 0.5 | 13.5 | 3.74 | 3.3 | 95 | 27 | 8.9 | 158 | 0.08 | 36 | 1.48 | 16 | 3.1 |
10 | 44 | 3.5 | 7.5 | 429 | 26 | 1162 | 158 | 0.49 | 1.95 | 0.51 | 13.3 | 2.97 | 2.9 | 104 | 29 | 9.6 | 162 | 0.07 | 28 | 1.53 | 15 | 2.9 |
11 | 51 | 3.7 | 5.5 | 221 | 31 | 1241 | 170 | 0.88 | 1.88 | 0.62 | 13.4 | 2.16 | 2.9 | 58 | 33 | 10.7 | 118 | 0.06 | 26 | 1.54 | 19 | 3.6 |
12 | 50 | 2.4 | 4.6 | 325 | 25 | 1034 | 150 | 0.02 | 1.65 | 0.55 | 2.4 | 0.15 | 2.7 | 70 | 27 | 8.9 | 108 | 0.04 | 23 | 0.86 | 16 | 3.1 |
13 | 50 | 4.0 | 5.2 | 247 | 22 | 1037 | 112 | 0.53 | 1.58 | 0.49 | 11.2 | 1.45 | 2.8 | 57 | 27 | 5.7 | 106 | 0.05 | 18 | 1.1 | 10 | 3.0 |
14 | 43 | 4.0 | 8.1 | 357 | 20 | 888 | 130 | 0.71 | 1.83 | 0.66 | 11.7 | 1.32 | 2.9 | 73 | 24 | 9.0 | 157 | 1.37 | 29 | 1.23 | 13 | 2.9 |
15 | 31 | 2.0 | 6.8 | 482 | 37 | 628 | 82 | 0.43 | 1.37 | 0.46 | 8.7 | 1 | 2.5 | 82 | 17 | 5.1 | 254 | 7.53 | 28 | 2.11 | 20 | 3.0 |
16 | 35 | 1.9 | 7.8 | 518 | 41 | 657 | 86 | 1.51 | 1.42 | 0.4 | 9.0 | 2.87 | 2.9 | 90 | 18 | 5.5 | 153 | 2.35 | 80 | 1.51 | 21 | 3.6 |
17 | 32 | 1.8 | 7.3 | 430 | 35 | 600 | 78 | 0.51 | 1.14 | 0.38 | 7.8 | 2.63 | 2.9 | 75 | 16 | 4.8 | 196 | 2.72 | 94 | 1.58 | 21 | 3.8 |
18 | 33 | 1.7 | 7.7 | 498 | 30 | 609 | 80 | 0.55 | 1.21 | 0.35 | 8.4 | 2.42 | 2.9 | 96 | 16 | 5.1 | 204 | 5.24 | 67 | 2.88 | 19 | 3.3 |
19 | 28 | 1.7 | 7.9 | 320 | 24 | 555 | 68 | 0.56 | 2.25 | 0.62 | 6.8 | 1.92 | 2.5 | 63 | 14 | 4.4 | 194 | 2.56 | 274 | 0.68 | 16 | 4.0 |
20 | 27 | 1.2 | 8.4 | 334 | 25 | 469 | 93 | 0.91 | 3.95 | 0.39 | 5.6 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 57 | 12 | 5.8 | 127 | 0.82 | 66 | 0.61 | 14 | 3.3 |
Sample | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Y | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | EuN/EuN* | CeN/CeN* | (Y/Ho)N | (La/Yb)N | REO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 4.70 | 3.73 | 3.57 | 3.56 | 3.64 | 4.83 | 4.24 | 3.45 | 3.91 | 3.29 | 3.50 | 3.64 | 3.61 | 3.45 | 3.34 | 1.35 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 1.36 | 927 |
2 | 4.66 | 3.88 | 3.69 | 3.51 | 2.99 | 3.42 | 3.48 | 2.63 | 2.84 | 2.28 | 2.43 | 2.45 | 2.33 | 2.23 | 2.19 | 1.19 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 2.09 | 880 |
3 | 3.57 | 3.54 | 2.92 | 2.94 | 2.93 | 3.55 | 3.45 | 2.78 | 2.88 | 2.25 | 2.36 | 2.37 | 2.24 | 2.07 | 2.03 | 1.23 | 1.09 | 0.95 | 1.72 | 770 |
4 | 7.71 | 5.44 | 6.64 | 6.43 | 5.02 | 5.47 | 5.21 | 3.23 | 2.70 | 1.92 | 2.03 | 1.87 | 1.73 | 1.70 | 1.63 | 1.23 | 0.76 | 0.95 | 4.55 | 1304 |
5 | 7.41 | 5.28 | 6.68 | 6.52 | 5.00 | 5.59 | 5.04 | 3.11 | 2.55 | 1.72 | 1.85 | 1.70 | 1.61 | 1.55 | 1.50 | 1.28 | 0.75 | 0.93 | 4.79 | 1270 |
6 | 6.80 | 5.13 | 6.15 | 6.19 | 5.04 | 5.57 | 4.74 | 2.92 | 2.41 | 1.61 | 1.75 | 1.64 | 1.55 | 1.51 | 1.47 | 1.28 | 0.79 | 0.92 | 4.49 | 1206 |
7 | 4.71 | 3.44 | 4.46 | 4.50 | 3.69 | 3.80 | 3.27 | 1.95 | 1.54 | 0.95 | 1.09 | 1.00 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 1.22 | 0.75 | 0.87 | 5.21 | 829 |
8 | 6.66 | 4.69 | 6.46 | 6.55 | 5.38 | 5.55 | 4.76 | 2.91 | 2.31 | 1.40 | 1.64 | 1.53 | 1.39 | 1.40 | 1.34 | 1.22 | 0.72 | 0.86 | 4.75 | 1170 |
9 | 7.05 | 4.30 | 6.47 | 6.40 | 5.37 | 5.72 | 4.76 | 2.91 | 2.24 | 1.37 | 1.59 | 1.43 | 1.27 | 1.24 | 1.19 | 1.25 | 0.64 | 0.86 | 5.68 | 1143 |
10 | 6.78 | 4.38 | 6.55 | 6.59 | 5.64 | 5.82 | 4.79 | 2.77 | 2.10 | 1.19 | 1.41 | 1.24 | 1.12 | 1.09 | 1.03 | 1.24 | 0.66 | 0.84 | 6.21 | 1141 |
11 | 7.81 | 4.89 | 7.56 | 7.73 | 6.54 | 6.52 | 5.36 | 3.14 | 2.41 | 1.42 | 1.69 | 1.57 | 1.45 | 1.43 | 1.34 | 1.20 | 0.64 | 0.84 | 5.45 | 1308 |
12 | 7.17 | 4.87 | 6.88 | 6.95 | 5.81 | 5.64 | 4.68 | 2.67 | 1.99 | 1.15 | 1.39 | 1.28 | 1.21 | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 0.69 | 0.83 | 6.16 | 1219 |
13 | 6.79 | 4.48 | 6.64 | 6.52 | 5.32 | 5.14 | 4.27 | 2.47 | 1.86 | 1.00 | 1.28 | 1.18 | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.06 | 1.17 | 0.67 | 0.79 | 6.17 | 1136 |
14 | 4.99 | 3.59 | 4.82 | 4.90 | 4.03 | 3.76 | 3.25 | 1.98 | 1.58 | 0.91 | 1.14 | 1.10 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.12 | 0.73 | 0.80 | 4.90 | 876 |
15 | 4.28 | 3.50 | 3.85 | 3.86 | 3.40 | 3.65 | 3.42 | 2.48 | 2.46 | 1.66 | 1.96 | 1.98 | 2.00 | 2.15 | 2.09 | 1.18 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 1.99 | 821 |
16 | 4.62 | 3.94 | 4.11 | 4.02 | 3.52 | 3.73 | 3.61 | 2.70 | 2.63 | 1.86 | 2.09 | 2.13 | 2.12 | 2.23 | 2.13 | 1.15 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 2.07 | 895 |
17 | 4.07 | 3.29 | 3.55 | 3.49 | 2.98 | 3.19 | 3.11 | 2.38 | 2.36 | 1.60 | 1.88 | 1.90 | 1.94 | 2.09 | 1.97 | 1.15 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 1.95 | 768 |
18 | 4.48 | 3.65 | 3.87 | 3.79 | 3.26 | 3.45 | 3.34 | 2.36 | 2.20 | 1.34 | 1.66 | 1.68 | 1.76 | 1.86 | 1.75 | 1.16 | 0.87 | 0.81 | 2.41 | 826 |
19 | 3.18 | 2.54 | 2.56 | 2.41 | 1.98 | 2.16 | 2.19 | 1.66 | 1.66 | 1.09 | 1.33 | 1.37 | 1.45 | 1.53 | 1.50 | 1.15 | 0.89 | 0.82 | 2.08 | 572 |
20 | 2.75 | 2.33 | 2.27 | 2.16 | 1.83 | 2.01 | 1.99 | 1.50 | 1.53 | 1.14 | 1.25 | 1.30 | 1.33 | 1.45 | 1.38 | 1.17 | 0.93 | 0.91 | 1.91 | 520 |
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Zhao, L.; Zhu, Q.; Jia, S.; Zou, J.; Nechaev, V.; Dai, S. Origin of Minerals and Critical Metals in an Argillized Tuff from the Huayingshan Coalfield, Southwestern China. Minerals 2017, 7, 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7060092
Zhao L, Zhu Q, Jia S, Zou J, Nechaev V, Dai S. Origin of Minerals and Critical Metals in an Argillized Tuff from the Huayingshan Coalfield, Southwestern China. Minerals. 2017; 7(6):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7060092
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Lei, Qin Zhu, Shaohui Jia, Jianhua Zou, Victor Nechaev, and Shifeng Dai. 2017. "Origin of Minerals and Critical Metals in an Argillized Tuff from the Huayingshan Coalfield, Southwestern China" Minerals 7, no. 6: 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7060092