New Constraints on the Main Mineralization Event Inferred from the Latest Discoveries in the Bor Metallogenetic Zone (BMZ, East Serbia)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geology of the BMZ
3. Sampling and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Geology and Petrography
4.1.1. The Nikoličevo Area
4.1.2. The Čukaru Peki Area
4.2. U/Pb Geochronology
5. Discussion
5.1. Two Subgroups of the 1st Phase Andesite in the BMZ
5.2. The Main Mineralization Event in the BMZ Revisited
6. Conclusions
- The oldest, first phase andesite (‘Timok andesite’) occurs in the easternmost part of the BMZ, along with the major Cu–Au porphyry and epithermal ore deposits; newly obtained U/Pb zircon ages of these rocks reveal an age range of 85–90 Ma, which roughly overlaps with the earlier estimates.
- We presented evidence that the first phase andesite consists of two subgroups; the older V1A andesite (~89–90 Ma) is both in time and space associated to the ore mineralization, whereas the younger V1B (~85–86 Ma) postdates the main mineralization event.
- Subtle petrographic differences between the V1A and V1B andesite may be used for explaining their different ore productivity; our simplified petrogenetic model involves the fractionation of water-rich parental (primary?) melts; it is supposed that an early decompression event that occurs before the evolving melt reaches the stability field of plagioclase in water-rich magma prevents second boiling and thereby critically lowers the ore productivity of magma.
- The study strongly underlines that the results of routine field and petrographic observations should be used as important prospection criteria.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Berza, T.; Constantinescu, E.; Serban-Nicolae, V. Upper Cretaceous Magmatic Series and Associated Mineralisation in the Carpathian-Balkan Orogen. Resour. Geol. 1998, 48, 291–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- von Quadt, A.; Moritz, R.; Peytcheva, I.; Heinrich, C. Geochronology and geodynamics of Late Cretaceous magmatism and Cu-Au mineralization in the Panagyurishte region of the Apuseni-Banat-Timok-Srednogorie belt, Bulgaria. Ore Geol. Rev. 2005, 27, 95–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janković, S. The Copper Deposits and Geotectonic Setting of the Tethyan Eurasian Metallogenetic Belt. Miner. Depos. 1977, 12, 37–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patrascu, S.; Bleahu, M.; Panaiotu, C. Tectonic implications of paleomagnetic research into Upper Cretaceous magmatic rocks in the Apuseni Mountains, Romania. Tectonophysics 1990, 180, 309–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Patraşcu, S.; Panaiotu, C.; Seclaman, M.; Panaiotu, B. Timing of rotational motion of Apuseni Mountains (Romania): Paleomagnetic data from Tertiary magmatic rocks. Tectonophysics 1994, 233, 163–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marton, E.; Tischler, M.; Csontos, L.; Fuegenschuh, B.; Schmid, S.M. The contact zone between the ALCAPA and Tisza-Dacia megatectonic units of Northern Romania in the light of new paleomagnetic data. Swiss J. Geosci. 2007, 100, 109–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Banješević, M.; Cvetković, V.; Koželj, D.; Peytcheva, I.; von Quadt, A. The Timok Magmatic Complex and Ridan Krepoljin Zone: Geodynamical Evolution. In Proceedings of the International Symposium – Geology and metallogeny of copper and gold deposits in the Bor Metallogenic zone – Bor 100 years, Bor Lake, Yugoslavia, 24–25 October 2002; Koželj, D., Jelenković, R., Eds.; RTB Bor Holding Company: Bor, Serbia, 2002; pp. 199–202. [Google Scholar]
- Clark, A.H.; Ullrich, T.D. 40Ar/3-9Ar age data for andesitic magmatism and hydrothermal activity in the Timok Massif, eastern Serbia: Implications for metallogenetic relationships in the Bor copper-gold subprovince. Miner. Depos. 2004, 39, 256–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lips, A.; Herrington, R.; Stein, G.; Koželj, D.; Popov, K.; Wijbrans, J. Refined timing of porphyry copper formation in the Serbian and Bulgarian portions of the Cretaceous Carpatho–Balkan Belt. Econ. Geol. 2004, 99, 601–609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zimmerman, A.; Stein, H.; Hannah, J.; Koželj, D.; Bogdanov, K.; Berza, T. Tectonic configuration of the Apuseni–Banat–Timok–Srednogorie Belt, Balkans–South Carpathians, constrained by high precision Re-Os molybdenite ages. Miner. Depos. 2008, 43, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kolb, M.; von Quadt, A.; Peytcheva, I.; Heinrich, C.A.; Fowler, S.J.; Cvetković, V. Adakite-Like and Normal Arc Magmas: Distinct fractionation paths in the East Serbian segment of the Balkan Carpathian Arc. J. Petrol. 2013, 54, 421–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gallhofer, D.; von Quadt, A.; Peytcheva, I.; Schmid, S.M.; Heinrich, C.A. Tectonic, magmatic, and metallogenic evolution of the Late Cretaceous arc in the Carpathian-Balkan orogeny. Tectonics 2015, 34, 1813–1836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knaak, M.; Marton, I.; Tosdal, R.M.; Van der Toorn, J.; Davidović, D.; Strmbanović, I.; Zdravković, M.; Živanović, J.; Hasson, S. Geologic Setting and Tectonic Evolution of Porphyry Cu-Au, Polymetallic Replacement, and Sedimentary Rock-Hosted Au Deposits in the Northwestern Area of the Timok Magmatic Complex, Serbia. Soc. Econ. Geol. Inc. Spec. Publ. 2016, 19, 1–28. [Google Scholar]
- von Quadt, A.; Peytcheva, I.; Kamenov, B.; Fanger, L.; Heinrich, C.A.; Frank, M. The Elatsite porphyry copper deposit in the Panagyurishte ore district, Srednogorie zone, Bulgaria: U-Pb zircon geochronology and isotope-geochemical investigations of magmatism and ore genesis. In The Timing and Location of Major ore Deposits in an Evolving Orogen; Blundell, D.J., Neubauer, F., von Quadt, A., Eds.; Spec. Publication 204; Geological Society: London, UK, 2002; pp. 81–102. [Google Scholar]
- von Quadt, A.; Peytcheva, I.; Heinrich, C.; Cvetković, V.; Banješević, M. Upper Cretaceous magmatic evolution and related Cu-Au mineralization in Bulgaria and Serbia. In Proceedings of the 9th Biennial SGA Meeting—Mineral Exploration and Research: Digging Deeper, Dublin, Ireland, 20–23 August 2007; Andrew, C.J., Ed.; Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits: Geneva, Switzerland, 2007; pp. 861–864. [Google Scholar]
- Janković, S. Metallogenic features of copper deposits in the volcanointrusive complexes of the Bor district, Yugoslavia. In Monograph European Copper Deposits; Janković, S., Sillitoe, R.H., Eds.; Society of Economic Geologists, Faculty of Mining and Geology: Belgrade, Serbia, 1980; pp. 42–49. [Google Scholar]
- Janković, S. Types of copper deposits related to volcanic environment in the Bor district, Yugoslavia. Geol. Rundsch. 1990, 79, 467–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koželj, D. Epithermal Gold Mineralization in the Bor Metallogenic Zone: Morphogenetic Types, Structural-Texture Varieties and Potentiality; Special Edition; Copper Institute: Bor, Serbia, 2002. (In Serbian) [Google Scholar]
- Jelenković, R.; Milovanović, D.; Koželj, D.; Banješević, M. The Mineral Resources of the Bor Metallogenic Zone: A Review. Geol. Croat. 2016, 69, 143–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- ZiJin Mining Group Co. Ltd. Available online: http://www.zijinmining.com/business/product-detail-47444.htm (accessed on 12 March 2019).
- Reservoir Minerals Inc. Available online: https://www.marketscreener.com/RESERVOIR-MINERALS-INC-15252875/news/ (accessed on 16 July 2019).
- Banješević, M.; Large, D. Geology and mineralization of the new cooper and gold discovery south of Bor—Timok Magmatic Complex. In Proceedings of the XVI Serbian Geological Congress, Donji Milanovac, Serbia, 22–25 May 2014; Cvetković, V., Ed.; Serbian Geological Society: Belgrade, Serbia, 2014; pp. 739–740. [Google Scholar]
- Arribas, A., Jr. Characteristics of high-sulfidationi epithermal deposits, and their relation to magmatic fluid. In Magmas, Fluids, and Ore Deposits; Thompson, J.F.M., Ed.; Mineralogical Association of Canada: Victoria, BC, Canada, 1995; pp. 419–454. [Google Scholar]
- Hedenquist, J.W.; Arribas, A., Jr. Evolution of an Intrusion-Centered Hydrothermal System: Far Southeast-Lepanto Porphyry and Epithermal Cu-Au Deposits, Philippines. Econ. Geol. 1997, 93, 373–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Armstrong, R.; Koželj, D.; Herrington, R. The Majdanpek Porphyry Cu-Au Deposit of Eastern Serbia: A Review. In Super Porphyry Copper & Gold Deposits—A Global Perspective; Porter, T.M., Ed.; PGC: Adelaide, Australia, 2005; pp. 453–466. [Google Scholar]
- Schmid, S.M.; Bernoulli, D.; Fügenschuh, B.; Matenco, L.; Schefer, S.; Schuster, R.; Tischler, M.; Ustaszewski, K. The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: Correlation and evolution of tectonic units. Swiss J. Geosci. 2008, 101, 139–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karamata, S.; Knežević, V.; Pécskay, Z.; Đorđević, M. Magmatism and metallogeny of the Ridanj–Krepoljin belt (eastern Serbia) and their correlation with northern and eastern analogues. Miner. Depos. 1997, 32, 452–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Banješević, M. The volcanic rocks petrology and K/Ar ages for widen zone Bor ore deposit as part of the Timok magmatic complex (east Serbia). In Proceedings of the ABCD GEODE Workshop, Vata Bai, Romania, 8–12 June 2001; Geological Institute of Romania: Bucharest, Romania, 2001; pp. 39–40. [Google Scholar]
- Banješević, M.; Cocić, S.; Radović, M. Petrology and K/Ar ages of volcanic rocks for widen Bor zone as the part of the Timok Magmatic Complex (East Serbia). Rev. Roum. Geol. 2002, 46, 47–60. [Google Scholar]
- Banješević, M.; Cvetković, V.; von Quadt, A.; Peytcheva, I.; Cocić, S. Geodynamic reconstructions based of the magmatism in the Timok Magmatic Complex (East Serbia)—Part of the Carpathian-Balkan belt. In Proceedings of the XVIII Congress of CBGA, Belgrade, Serbia, 3–6 September 2006; Sudar, M., Ercegovac, M., Grubić, A., Eds.; Serbian Geological Society: Beograd, Serbia, 2006; pp. 27–29. [Google Scholar]
- Cvetković, V.; Šarić, K.; Prelević, D.; Genser, J.; Neubauer, F.; Höck, V.; von Quadt, A. An anorogenic pulse in a typical orogenic setting: The geochemical and geochronological record in the East Serbian latest Cretaceous to Palaeocene alkaline rocks. Lithos 2013, 180–181, 181–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- von Quadt, A.; Peytcheva, I.; Cvetković, V.; Banješević, M.; Koželj, D. Geochronology, geochemistry and isotope tracing of the Cretaceous magmatism of East-Serbia as part of the Apuseni-Timok-Srednogorie metallogenic belt. Geol. Carpathica 2002, 53, 175–177. [Google Scholar]
- von Quadt, A.; Peytcheva, I.; Cvetkovic, V. Geochronology, geochemistry and isotope tracing of the Cretaceous magmatism of East Serbia and Panagyurishte district (Bulgaria) as part of the Apuseni-Timok-Srednogorie metallogenic belt in Eastern Europe. In Proceedings of the 7th Biennial SGA Meeting, Athens, Greece, 24–28 August 2003; Eliopoulos, D.E., Ed.; Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits: Geneva, Switzerland, 2003; pp. 407–410. [Google Scholar]
- Drovenik, M.; Antonijević, I.; Mićić, I. New reference on magmatism and geological setting of the Timok Eruptive Area. Vesn. Geozavoda 1962, 20, 67–79. [Google Scholar]
- Živković, P. Petrology and Alterations of Čoka Marin 1 Ore Deposit. Master’s Thesis, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia, 1987. (In Serbian). [Google Scholar]
- Pačevski, A.; Moritz, R.; Kouzmanov, K.; Marquardt, K.; Živković, P.; Cvetković, L. Texture and composition of Pb-bearing pyrite from the Čoka Marin polymetallic deposit, Serbia, controlled by nanoscale inclusions. Can. Mineral. 2012, 50, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van der Toorn, J.; Davidović, D.; Hadijeva, N.; Strmbanović, I.; Márton, I.; Knaak, M.; Tosdal, R.M.; Davis, B.; Hasson, S. A new sedimentary rock-hosted gold belt in eastern Serbia. In Proceedings of the 12th Biennial SGA Meeting—Mineral deposit research for a high-tech world, Uppsala, Sweden, 12–15 August 2013; Jonsson, E., Ed.; Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits: Geneva, Switzerland, 2013; Volume 2, pp. 691–694. [Google Scholar]
- Pačevski, A.; Cvetković, V.; Šarić, K.; Banješević, M.; Hoefer, H.E.; Kremenović, A. Manganese mineralization in andesites of Brestovačka Banja, Serbia: Evidence of sea-floor exhalations in the Timok Magmatic Complex. Mineral. Petrol. 2016, 110, 491–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paton, C.; Hellstrom, J.; Paul, B.; Woodhead, J.; Hergt, J. Iolite: Freeware for the visualisation and processing of mass spectrometric data. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2011, 26, 2508–2518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jackson, S.; Pearson, N.; Griffin, W.; Belousova, E. The application of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to in situ U-Pb zircon geochronology. Chem. Geol. 2004, 211, 47–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wiedenbeck, M.; Allé, P.; Corfu, F.; Griffin, W.L.; Meier, M.; Oberli, F.; von Quadt, A.; Roddick, J.C.; Spiegel, W. Three natural zircon standards for U-Th-Pb, Lu-Hf, trace element and REE analyses. Geostand. Newsl. 1995, 19, 1–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Black, L.P.; Kamo, S.L.; Allen, C.M.; Aleinikoff, J.N.; Davis, D.W.; Korsch, R.J.; Foudoulis, C. TEMORA 1: A new zircon standard for Phanerozoic U–Pb geochronology. Chem. Geol. 2003, 200, 155–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sláma, J.; Košler, J.; Condon, D.J.; Crowley, J.L.; Gerdes, A.; Hanchar, J.M.; Horstwood, M.S.A.; Morris, G.A.; Nasdala, L.; Norberg, N.; et al. Plešovice zircon—A new natural reference material for U–Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis. Chem. Geol. 2008, 249, 1–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- von Quadt, A.; Wotzlaw, J.F.; Buret, Y.; Large, S.J.E.; Peytcheva, I.; Trinquier, A. High-precision zircon U/Pb geochronology by ID-TIMS using new 1013 ohm resistors. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2016, 31, 658–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petrus, J.A.; Kamber, B.S. Vizual Age: A Novel Approach to Laser Ablation ICP-MS U-Pb Geochronology Data Reduction. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. 2012, 36/3, 247–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vermeesch, P. IsoplotR: A free and open toolbox for geochronology. Geosci. Front. 2018, 9, 1479–1493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ljubović-Obradović, D.; Carevac, I.; Mirković, M.; Protić, N. Upper Cretaceous volcanoclastic-sedimentary formations in the Timok Eruptive Area (eastern Serbia): New biostratigraphic data from planktonic foraminifera. Geol. Carphatica 2011, 62, 435–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Banješević, M. Upper Cretaceous magmatic suites of the Timok Magmatic Complex. Ann. Geol. Penins. Balk. 2010, 71, 13–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Globe Newswire, Press Release Distribution Services. Available online: https://www.marketwired.com (accessed on 16 July 2019).
- Banješević, M. Upper Cretaceous Magmatism of the Timok Magmatic Complex. Ph.D. Thesis, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia, 2006. (In Serbian). [Google Scholar]
- Kolb, M. Geochronology and Isotope Geochemistry of Magmatic Rocks from Western Srednogorie (Bulgaria) and Timok Magmatic Complex (East Serbia). Ph.D. Thesis, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Defant, M.J.; Drummond, M.S. Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere. Nature 1990, 347, 662–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castillo, P.R. Adakite petrogenesis. Lithos 2006, 134–135, 304–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oyarzun, R.; Marquez, A.; Lillo, J.; Lopez, I.; Rivera, S. Giant versus small porphyry copper deposits of Cenozoic age in Northern Cile: Adakite versus normal calc-alkaline magmatism. Miner. Depos. 2001, 36, 794–798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richards, J.P.; Kerrich, R. Adakite-like rocks: Their diverse origins and questionable role in metallogenesis. Econ. Geol. 2007, 102, 537–576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bissig, T.; Leal-Mejía, H.; Stevens, R.B.; Hart, C.J.R. High Sr/Y Magma Petrogenesis and the Link to Porphyry Mineralization as Revealed by Garnet-Bearing I-Type Granodiorite Porphyries of the Middle Cauca Au-Cu Belt, Colombia. Econ. Geol. 2017, 112, 551–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiaradia, M. Adakite-like magmas from fractional crystallization and melting-assimilation of mafic lower crust (Eocene Macuchi arc, Western Cordillera, Ecuador). Chem. Geol. 2009, 265, 468–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chung, S.L.; Liu, D.Y.; Ji, J.Q.; Chu, M.F.; Lee, H.Y.; Wen, D.J.; Lo, C.H.; Lee, T.Y.; Qian, Q.; Zhang, Q. Adakites from continental collision zones: Melting of thickened lower crust beneath southern Tibet. Geology 2003, 31, 1021–1024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Macpherson, C.; Dreher, S.; Thirlwall, M. Adakites without slab melting: High pressure differentiation of island arc magma, Mindanao, the Philippines. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 243, 581–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, Q.; Xu, J.F.; Jian, P.; Bao, Z.W.; Zhao, Z.H.; Li, C.F.; Xiong, X.L.; Ma, J.L. Petrogenesis of adakitic porphyries in an extensional tectonic setting, Dexing, South China: Implications for the genesis of porphyry copper mineralization. J. Petrol. 2006, 47, 119–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Audétat, A.; Simon, A.C. Magmatic controls on porphyry copper deposits. Soc. Econ. Geol. Spec. Publ. 2012, 16, 573–618. [Google Scholar]
- Hedenquist, J.W.; Richards, J.P. The influence of geochemical techniques on the development of genetic models for porphyry copper deposits. In Techniques in Hydrothermal Ore Deposits Geology; Richards, J.P., Larson, P.B., Eds.; Society of Economic Geologists: Littleton, CO, USA, 1998; Volume 10, pp. 235–256. [Google Scholar]
- Sillitoe, R.H. Gold-rich porphyry deposits: Descriptive and genetic models and their role in exploration and discovery. Rev. Econ. Geol. 2000, 13, 315–345. [Google Scholar]
- Richards, J.P. The oxidation state, and sulfur and Cu contents of arc magmas: Implications for metallogeny. Lithos 2015, 233, 27–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grove, T.L.; Elkins-Tanton, L.T.; Parman, S.W.; Chatterjee, N.; Muntener, O.; Gaetani, G.A. Fractional crystallization and mantle-melting controls on calc-alkaline differentiation trends. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2003, 145, 515–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barclay, J.; Carmichael, I.S.E. A Hornblende Basalt from Western Mexico: Water-saturated Phase Relations Constrain a Pressure-Temperature Window of Eruptibility. J. Petrol. 2004, 45/3, 485–506. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feig, S.; Koepke, J.; Snow, J.E. Effect of water on tholeiitic basalt phase equilibria: An experimental study under oxidizing conditions. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2006, 152, 611–638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Larocque, J.; Canil, D. The role of amphibole in the evolution of arc magmas and crust: The case from the Jurassic Bonanza arc section, Vancouver Island, Canada. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2009, 159/4, 475–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sisson, T.W.; Grove, T.L. Experimental investigations of the role of H2O in calc-alkaline differentiation and subduction zone magmatism. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1993, 113, 143–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alonso-Perez, R.; Muntener, O.; Ulmer, P. Igneous garnet and amphibole fractionation in the roots of island arcs: Experimental constraints on andesitic liquids. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 2009, 157, 542–558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maksimov, A.P. The influence of water on the temperature of amphibole stability in melts. J. Volcanol. Seismol. 2009, 3, 27–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Burnham, C.W. Magmas and hydrothermal fluids. In Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, 2nd ed.; Barnes, H.L., Ed.; John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1979; pp. 71–136. [Google Scholar]
- Candela, P.A. Magmatic ore-forming fluids: Thermodynamic and mass transfer calculations of metal concentrations. In Ore Deposition Associated with Magmas; Whitney, J.A., Naldrett, A.J., Eds.; Society of Economic Geologists: El Paso, TX, USA, 1989; Volume 4, pp. 203–221. [Google Scholar]
- Hedenquist, J.W.; Lowenstern, J.B. The role of magmas in the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits. Nature 1994, 370, 519–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loucks, R.R. Distinctive composition of copper-ore-forming arcmagmas. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 2014, 61, 5–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Drill Hole Label | Formation | Depth (m) | Lithology and Fossil Record | Age | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RTN 1405 | Timok Andesite (V1B) | 31–34 | Weakly propylitised hornblende andesite breccia | U/Pb* | |
128–262 | Hornblende andesite breccia with rare ore (mineralized) clasts | ||||
Metovnica Epiclastic | 296.5–305 | Marlstone—biomicrite in epiclastic Globotruncana arca (CUSHMANN), Globotruncana bulloides (VOGLER), Globotruncana lapparenti (BROTZEN), Globotruncana linneiana (d’ORBIGNY), Globotruncana rosseta (CARSEY), Marginotruncana coronata (BOLLI), Marginotruncana marginata (REUSS), Marginotruncana schneegansi (SIGAL), Marginotruncana renzi (GANDOLFI), Contusotruncana fornicata (PLUMMER), Dicarinella asymetrica (SIGAL)—fragment, Globotruncana sp.—fragments, hedbergellas, heterohelicids, globigerinas, globigorinelodes, calcispheres. | Santonian | ||
Timok Andesite (V1A) | 336 | Argillitised and minor mineralized (pyrite) hornblende andesite | |||
Metovnica Epiclastic | 396–445 | Polymictic andesite sandstone | Fossils not found | ||
Timok Andesite (V1A) | 517–565 | Argillitised and propylitised hornblende andesite | U/Pb* | ||
RTN 1402 | Timok Andesite (V1B) | 40–42 | Hornblende andesite | ||
Oštrelj | 128 | Marlstone—biomicrite Globotruncana linneiana (d’ORBIGNY), Marginotruncana coronata (BOLLI), Marginotruncana tarfayaensis (LEHMANN), Marginotruncana pseudolinneiana (ESSAGNO), Marginotruncana sp., globigerina, globigerinolides, hedbergellas, heterohelicids, calcispheres. group “Hedbergella-Ticinella”. | Coniacian | ||
131–144.5 | Marlstone—biomicrite and sandstone Marginotruncana sigali (REICHEL), Marginotruncana tarfayaensis (LEHMANN), Marginotruncana schneegansi (SIGAL), globigerina, rare hedbergellas, heterohelicids, inoceramus. | Upper Turonian | |||
Metovnica Epiclastic | 168–209 | Sandy marlstone—biomicrite in epiclastic Dicarinella gr. hagni-primitiva, Marginotruncana marginata (REUSS), Globotruncana linneiana (d’ORBIGNY), Marginotruncana sigali (REICHEL), Marginotruncana schneegansi (SIGAL), Marginotruncana paraconcavata (PORTHAULT), Marginotruncana pseudolinneiana (PESSAGNO), Praeglobotruncana cf. stephani (GANDOLFI), Rotalipora sp.—fragments, Marginotruncana sp., Dicarinella sp. Whiteinella sp., heterohelicids, globigerinolides, group “Hedbergella-Ticinella”. | Lower Turonian | ||
297–306 | Zeolitized polymictic andesite sandstone | Fossils not found | U/Pb* | ||
Timok Andesite (V1A) | 483 | Argillitised to propylitised, minor mineralized (pyrite) hornblende andesite breccia | |||
Metovnica Epiclastic | 515–540 | Sandstone and siltstone in epiclastic | Fossils not found | ||
RTN 1406 | Oštrelj | 11 | Sandstone—arkose | Fossils not found | |
35–50 | Marlstone—biomicrite Globotruncana arca (CUSHMAN), Globotruncana lapparenti (BROTZEN), Globotruncana linneiana (d’ORBIGNY), Globotruncana hilli (PESSAGNO), Globotruncana cf. ventricosa (WHITE), Contusotruncana fornicata (PLUMMER), Marginotruncana coronata (BOLLI), Globotruncana sp.—fragments, hedbergellas, heterohelicids, globigerina, calcispheres. | Campanian | |||
71–78 | Marlstone—biomicrite Contusotruncana fornicata (PLUMMER), Marginotruncana renzi (GANDOLFI), Marginotruncana schneegansi (SIGAL), Marginotruncanatarfayaensis (LEHMANN), Marginotruncana marginata (REUSS), Globotruncana lapparenti (BROTZEN), Globotruncana bulloides (VOGLER), Globotruncana hilli (PESSAGNO), Globotruncana linneiana (d’ORBIGNY), globigerina, hedbergellas, calcispheres, heterohelicids. | Santonian | |||
Metovnica Epiclastic | 92.5–121 | Marlstone—biomicrite in epiclastic Globotruncana lapparenti (BROTZEN), Globotruncana linneiana (d’ORBIGNY), arginotruncana coronata (BOLLI)—fragments, globigerina, hedbergellas, heterohelicids, calcispheres, globigerinoides. | Coniacian | ||
155 | Marlstone—fossiliferous micrite (mudstone) in epiclastic Marginotruncana coronata (BOLLI)—deformed, Marginotruncana renzi (GANDOLFI), Dicarinella primitiva (DALBIEZ), globigerina, hedbergellas, heterohelicids, calcispheres. | Upper Turonian- Coniacian | |||
Timok Andesite (V1B) | 195 | Hornblende andesite | |||
Timok Andesite (V1A) | 328–729 | Argillitised to propylitised and minor mineralized (pyrite, rare chalcopyrite) hornblende andesite and andesite breccia | U/Pb* | ||
RTN 1408 | Timok Andesite (V1A) | 458–459 | Propylitised hornblende andesite | U/Pb* | |
RTN 1404 | Timok Andesite (V1A) | 45–666 | Argillitised to propylitised and minor mineralized (pyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite) hornblende andesite | U/Pb* |
Drill Hole | Depth (m) | Lab. No | Lithology | Age Ma |
---|---|---|---|---|
RTN 1405 | 31–32 | Avq. 380 | Hornblende-plagioclase phyric andesite breccia (V1B) | 84.89 ± 0.75 |
RTN 1405 | 34–35 | Avq. 383 | Hornblende-plagioclase phyric andesite breccia (V1B) | 85.56 ± 0.53 |
RTN 1405 | 564.2–566.4 | Avq. 381 | Plagioclase-hornblende phyric andesite (V1A) | 89.49 ± 0.42 |
RTN 1402 | 300.5–301.5 | Avq. 375 | Andesite clast from zeolitized epiclastic sandstone (V1A) | 89.80 ± 0.56 |
RTN 1404 | 45–46 | Avq. 377 | Weakly propylitised and mineralized plagioclase-hornblende phyric andesite (V1A) | 89.64 ± 0.51 |
RTN 1408 | 458–459 | Avq. 374 | Weakly propylitised plagioclase-hornblende phyric andesite (V1A) | 90.37 ± 0.66 |
RTN 1406 | 645–647 | Avq. 378 | Weakly propylitised plagioclase-hornblende phyric andesite (V1A) | 90.97 ± 0.39 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Banješević, M.; Cvetković, V.; von Quadt, A.; Ljubović Obradović, D.; Vasić, N.; Pačevski, A.; Peytcheva, I. New Constraints on the Main Mineralization Event Inferred from the Latest Discoveries in the Bor Metallogenetic Zone (BMZ, East Serbia). Minerals 2019, 9, 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9110672
Banješević M, Cvetković V, von Quadt A, Ljubović Obradović D, Vasić N, Pačevski A, Peytcheva I. New Constraints on the Main Mineralization Event Inferred from the Latest Discoveries in the Bor Metallogenetic Zone (BMZ, East Serbia). Minerals. 2019; 9(11):672. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9110672
Chicago/Turabian StyleBanješević, Miodrag, Vladica Cvetković, Albrecht von Quadt, Darivojka Ljubović Obradović, Nebojša Vasić, Aleksandar Pačevski, and Irena Peytcheva. 2019. "New Constraints on the Main Mineralization Event Inferred from the Latest Discoveries in the Bor Metallogenetic Zone (BMZ, East Serbia)" Minerals 9, no. 11: 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9110672