Design, Analysis and Application of Control Techniques for Driving a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in an Elevator System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. PMSM in Elevator Technology
2.1. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
- Efficiency. This is the main focus, as high efficiency is realized due to the magnetic field created by the magnets, so lower resistive losses and consequently lower copper losses are generated [16]. Generally, in conventional elevators we can find PMSMs with efficiencies up to 90% that are multi-pole, high speed and high torque [17]. Both the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the motor are adapted to the overall system of the elevator and the load it is required to serve. Also, PMSMs have a high-power density and a higher magnetic flux density in the gap than induction motors [18,19]. With their excellent dynamic performance, they have the capability of adjusting their speed in various operating situations. Moreover, in elevator applications, both the speed of the motor and the elevator can be varied according to the load [20].
- Energy savings. The gearless PMSMs with a transmission ratio of 1:1 present moderate mechanical losses and minimal energy and heat losses. This results in modern elevators achieving energy savings of 30–50% [21]. In addition, with the functional capabilities of the drive system, more energy can be saved by using regenerative braking. When the elevator load moves in the direction of gravity, the synchronous motors acts as a generator by returning part of the energy to the grid [22].
- Maintenance requirements. The condition monitoring of the gearbox minimizes friction, which results in heat losses and wear on the gears [23]. It is one of the main causes of breakdowns that can lead to the permanent destruction of the electric motor. In this case, maintenance costs are reduced as no additional lubricant costs are required [24].
2.2. Traction Elevator System
3. Design Procedure of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine
3.1. Mathematical Model Electromagnetic Analysis
3.2. Design Methodology of PMSM
4. Preliminary Design Stage of the PMSM and Experimental Validation
4.1. Description of the Experiment
4.2. Design Methodology
5. Two-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis
6. Application VVVF in Elevators
6.1. Modeling of the System
6.2. Energy Savings with the VVVF Control Technique
6.3. Elevator Duty Cycle Analysis
7. Control Techniques for Driving a PMSM
7.1. Current Consumption PMSM
7.2. Different Speed Control Techniques for Driving PMSM
8. Discussion
- Thermal and structure analysis of the selected geometry in order to understand if there are potential thermal issues throughout the operating cycles, and especially during overloads;
- Manufacturing and geometric configuration of a multiphase motor with high efficiency fault tolerance and low losses in elevator systems;
- Use of an inverter capable of maintaining motor operation in any possible fault that may occur;
- An examination of alternative winding configurations, such as concentrated non-overlapping winding (which may reduce copper losses), and compared with the results of the current investigation;
- Comparative investigation of other control techniques in order to study speed and current control;
- Application of geometric machine optimization methods, such as using various genetic algorithms and neural networks (NN);
- Comparative energy savings study using regenerative braking, because in high-speed elevators, a back-to-back inverter voltage source is used, as an elevator driven by an electric motor requires bidirectional control of the power flow for motor operation and power generation, which occurs repeatedly during acceleration and deceleration operations;
- Application of a filter to reduce the harmonic losses of the motor resulting from the use of the inverter.
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Symbol | Value |
---|---|---|
Stator outer diameter | 300–350–400 mm | |
Stator inner diameter | D | 200–240–280 mm |
Airgap thickness | 0.8–1–1.2 mm | |
Motor axial length | L | 180–220–260 mm |
Rotor outer diameter | 200–230–250 mm | |
Stator slot opening width | 0.2–0.7–1 mm | |
Stator slot base width | 7–7.46–7.5 mm | |
Stator slot top width | 3.8–4.2–4.6 mm | |
Stator slot opening height | 1.5–1.7–1.9 mm | |
Stator slot base height | 2.2–2.5–2.8 mm | |
Stator slot top height | 18–18.3–18.5 mm | |
Stator slot total | Q | 18–36–60 |
Winding factor | Kw | 0.95 |
Fill factor | ff | 50% |
Magnet thickness | 4–4.5–4.8 mm |
Parameters | Symbol | Values |
---|---|---|
Rated load | Q | 630 kg |
Weigh Chamber | M | 750 kg |
Counterweight | G | 1050 kg |
Rated speed | v | 1 m/s |
Distance | S | 6.2 m |
Acceleration of gravity | g | 9.81 m/ |
Friction pulley radius | 0.13 m | |
Gear ratio | K | 1:1 |
Number of stops | 7 | |
Rotor mass inertia together with friction pulley | J | 0.5 kg |
Quantity | Symbol | Value-Unit |
---|---|---|
Electrical motor | Gearless PMSM | - |
Output power | 6600 W | |
Input power | 7500 W | |
Efficiency | η | 89% |
Power factor | cosφ | 0.85 |
Electrical frequency | f | 25 Hz |
Nominal voltage | 360 V | |
Terminal resistance | 1.32 Ω | |
Rotor inductance d-q axis | , | 0.008 H |
Nominal current | 12.4 A | |
Maximum current | 19 A | |
Number of phases | m | 3 |
Number of poles | p | 20 |
Nominal torque | 450 Nm | |
Switching frequency | 3000 Hz | |
Maximum torque | 650 Nm | |
DC link voltage | 540.19 V | |
Rated speed | 150 rpm | |
Rotor inertia | J | 0.0283 kg |
Flux linkage | Φ | 0.0742 Wb |
PI | Type-1 | Type-2 |
---|---|---|
0.9 | 0.8 | |
0.08 | 0.15 |
Parameters | Type-1 PI | Type-2 PI |
---|---|---|
Rise time (s) | 2.25 | 2.20 |
Settling time (s) | 4.7 | - |
Overshoot (%) | 18.67% | 13.33% |
PID | Type-1 | Type-2 |
---|---|---|
0.8 | 1.2 | |
0.08 | 0.15 | |
0.05 | 0.1 |
Parameters | Type-1 PID | Type-2 PID |
---|---|---|
Rise time (s) | 0.8 | 1.2 |
Settling time (s) | 4.7 | - |
Overshoot (%) | 16.67% | 8.67% |
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Vlachou, V.I.; Efstathiou, D.E.; Karakatsanis, T.S. Design, Analysis and Application of Control Techniques for Driving a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in an Elevator System. Machines 2024, 12, 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12080560
Vlachou VI, Efstathiou DE, Karakatsanis TS. Design, Analysis and Application of Control Techniques for Driving a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in an Elevator System. Machines. 2024; 12(8):560. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12080560
Chicago/Turabian StyleVlachou, Vasileios I., Dimitrios E. Efstathiou, and Theoklitos S. Karakatsanis. 2024. "Design, Analysis and Application of Control Techniques for Driving a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor in an Elevator System" Machines 12, no. 8: 560. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12080560