Organic Components of Small Bodies in the Outer Solar System: Some Results of the New Horizons Mission
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Kuiper Belt Object Arrokoth
3. Pluto and Charon
3.1. Pluto
3.2. Charon and Pluto’s Small Satellites
4. The Formation of Arrokoth in the Solar Nebula and Contrasts to Pluto
5. Forming Planetary Systems
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Dalle Ore, C.M.; Fulchignoni, M.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Barucci, M.A.; Brunetto, R.; Campins, H.; de Bergh, C.; Debes, J.H.; Dotto, E.; Emery, J.P.; et al. Organic materials in planetary and protoplanetary systems: Nature or nurture? Astron. Astrophys. 2011, 533, A98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cruikshank, D.P.; Imanaka, H.; Dalle Ore, C.M. Tholins as coloring agents on outer Solar System bodies. Adv. Space Res. 2005, 36, 178–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sakakibara, N.; Yu, P.Y.; Ito, T.; Terashima, K. Cryogenic-specific reddish coloration by cryoplasma: New explanation for color diversity of outer solar system objects. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2020, 891, L44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gladstone, G.R.; Stern, S.A.; Ennico, K.; Olkin, C.B.; Weaver, H.A.; Young, L.A.; Summers, M.E.; Strobel, D.F.; Hinson, D.P.; Kammer, J.A.; et al. The atmosphere of Pluto as observed by New Horizons. Science 2016, 351, aad8866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Waite, J.H., Jr.; Young, D.T.; Cravens, T.E.; Coates, A.J.; Crary, F.J.; Magee, B.; Westlake, J. The process of tholin formation in Titan’s upper atmosphere. Science 2007, 316, 870–875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brassé, C.; Muñoz, O.; Coll, P.; Rauln, F. Optical constants of Titan aerosols and there tholins analogs: Experimental results and modeling/observational data. Planet. Space Sci. 2015, 109, 159–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Postberg, F.; Khawaja, N.; Abel, B.; Choblet, G.; Glein, C.R.; Gudipati, M.S.; Henderson, B.L.; Hsu, H.W.; Kempf, S.; Klenner, F.; et al. Macromolecular organic compounds from the depths of Enceladus. Nature 2018, 588, 564–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cruikshank, D.P.; Wegryn, E.; Dalle Ore, C.M. Hydrocarbons on Saturn’s satellites Iapetus and Phoebe. Icarus 2008, 193, 334–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCord, T.B.; Carlson, R.W.; Smythe, W.D.; Hansen, G.D.; Clark, R.N.; Hibbitts, C.A.; Fanale, F.P.; Granahan, J.C.; Segura, M.; Matson, D.L.; et al. Organics and other molecules in the surfaces of Callisto and Ganymede. Science 1997, 278, 271–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grundy, W.M.; Binzel, R.P.; Buratti, B.J.; Cook, J.C.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Dalle Ore, C.M.; Earle, A.M.; Ennico, K.; Howett, C.J.A.; Lunsford, A.W.; et al. Surface compositions across Pluto and Charon. Science 2016, 351, aad9189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Grundy, W.M.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Gladstone, G.R.; Howett, C.J.A.; Lauer, T.R.; Spencer, J.R.; Summers, M.E.; Buie, M.W.; Earle, A.M.; Ennico, K.; et al. Formation of Charon’s red polar caps. Nature 2016, 539, 65–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Stern, S.A.; Weaver, H.A.; Spencer, J.R.; Olkin, C.B.; Gladstone, G.R.; Grundy, W.M.; Moore, J.M.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Elliott, H.A.; McKinnon, W.B.; et al. Initial results from the New Horizons exploration of 2014 MU69, a small Kuiper Belt object. Science 2019, 364, eaaw9771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Grundy, W.M.; Bird, M.K.; Britt, D.T.; Coo, J.C.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Howett, C.J.A.; Krijt, S.; Linscott, I.R.; Olkin, C.B.; Parker, A.H.; et al. Color, composition, and thermal environment of Kuiper Belt object (486958) Arrokoth. Science 2020, 367, eaay3705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Poch, O.; Pommerol, A.; Jost, B.; Carrasco, N.; Szopa, C.; Thomas, N. Sublimation of water ice mixed with silicates and tholins: Evolution of surface texture and reflectance spectra, with implications for comets. Icarus 2016, 267, 154–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gladman, B.; Marsden, B.G.; VanLaerhoven, C. Nomenclature in the outer Solar System. In The Solar System Beyond Neptune; Barucci, M.A., Ed.; University of Arizona Press: Tucson, AZ, USA, 2008; pp. 43–57. [Google Scholar]
- Petit, J.M.; Kavelaars, J.J.; Gladman, B.J.; Jones, R.L.; Parker, J.W.; van Laerhoven, C.; Nicholson, P.; Mars, G.; Rousselot, P.; Mousis, O.; et al. The Canada-France Ecliptic Plane Survey—Full data release: The orbital structure of the Kuiper belt. Astron. J. 2011, 142, 131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Batygin, K.; Brown, M.E.; Fraser, W.C. Retention of a primordial cold classical Kuiper belt in an instability-driven model of Solar System formation. Astrophys. J. 2011, 738, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dawson, R.I.; Murray-Clay, R. Neptune’s wild days: Constraints from the eccentricity distribution of the classical Kuiper belt. Astrophys. J. 2012, 750, 43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wolff, S.; Dawson, R.; Murray-Clay, R.A. Neptune on tiptoes: Dynamical histories that preserve the cold classical Kuiper belt. Astrophys. J. 2012, 746, 171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- de Sousa, R.R.; Gomes, R.; Morbidelli, A.; Vieira Neto, E. Dynamical effects on the classical Kuiper belt during the excited-Neptune model. Icarus 2019, 334, 89–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gladman, B.; Lawler, S.M.; Petit, J.M.; Kavelaars, J.; Jones, R.L.; Parker, J.W.; van Laerhoven, C.; Nicholson, P.; Rousselot, P.; Bieryla, A.; et al. The resonant transneptunian populations. Astron. J. 2012, 144, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Malhotra, R. The origin of Pluto’s orbit: Implications for the solar system beyond Neptune. Astron. J. 1995, 110, 420–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nesvorný, D. Jumping Neptune can explain the Kuiper belt kernel. Astron. J. 2015, 150, 68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nesvorný, D. Evidence for slow migration of Neptune from the inclination of Kuiper Belt objects. Astron. J. 2015, 150, 73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaib, N.A.; Sheppard, S.S. Tracking Neptune’s migration history through high-perihelion resonant transneptunian objects. Astron. J. 2016, 152, 133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lawler, S.M.; Pike, R.E.; Kaib, N.; Alexandersen, M.; Bannister, M.T.; Chen, Y.T.; Gladman, B.; Gwyn, S.; Kavelaars, J.J.; Petit, J.M.; et al. OSSOS XIII: Fossilized resonant dropouts tentatively confirm Neptune’s migration was grainy and slow. Astron. J. 2019, 153, 253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shannon, A.; Wu, Y.; Lithwick, Y. Forming the cold classical Kuiper belt in a light disk. Astrophys. J. 2016, 818, 175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Porter, S.B.; Buie, M.W.; Parker, A.H.; Spencer, J.R.; Benecchi, S.; Tanga, P.; Verbiscer, A.; Kavelaars, J.J.; Gwyn, S.D.J.; Young, E.F.; et al. High-precision orbit fitting and uncertainty analysis of (486958) 2014 MU69. Astron. J. 2018, 156, 20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tiscareno, M.S.; Malhotra, R. The dynamics of known Centaurs. Astron. J. 2003, 126, 3122–3131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Volk, K.; Malhotra, R. Do Centaurs preserve their source inclinations? Icarus 2013, 224, 66–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jewitt, D. The active Centaurs. Astron. J. 2009, 137, 4296–4312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Spencer, J.R.; Stern, S.A. The geology and geophysics of Kuiper Belt object (486948) Arrokoth. Science 2020, 367, eaay3999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- McKinnon, W.B.; Richardson, D.C.; Marohnic, J.C.; Keane, J.T.; Grundy, W.M.; Hamilton, D.P.; Nesvorný, D.; Umurhan, O.M.; Lauer, T.R.; Singer, K.N.; et al. The solar nebula origin of (486958) Arrokoth, a primordial contact binary in the Kuiper Belt. Science 2020, 367, eaay6620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Barucci, M.A.; Brown, M.E.; Emery, J.P.; Merlin, F. Composition and surface properties of transneptunian objects and centaurs. In The Solar System Beyond Neptune; Barucci, M.A., Ed.; University of Arizona Press: Tucson, AZ, USA, 2008; pp. 143–160. [Google Scholar]
- Barucci, M.A.; Merlin, F. Surface composition of trans-neptunian objects. In The Trans-Neptunian Solar System; Prialnik, D., Barucci, M.A., Young, L.A., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020; 464p. [Google Scholar]
- Cruikshank, D.P.; Roush, T.L.; Bartholomew, M.J.; Geballe, T.R.; Pendleton, Y.J.; White, S.M.; Bell, J.F., III; Davies, J.K.; Owen, T.C.; de Bergh, C.; et al. The composition of centaur 5145 Pholus. Icarus 1998, 135, 389–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Barucci, M.A.; Perna, D.; Alvarez-Candal, A.; Müller, T.; Mommert, M.; Kiss, C.; Fornasier, S.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Dotto, E. The extra red plutino (55638) 2002 VE95. Astron. Astrophys. 2012, 539, A152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Batygin, K.; Brown, M.E.; Betts, H. Instability-driven dynamical evolution model of a five-planet outer solar system. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2012, 744, L3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pendleton, Y.J.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Stern, S.A.; Dalle Ore, C.M.; Grundy, W.; Materese, C.; Protopapa, S.; Schmitt, B.; Lisse, C.L. Kuiper Belt object 2014MU69, Pluto, and Phoebe as windows on the composition of the early solar nebula. In Laboratory Astrophysics: In Observations to Interpretation; Proc. IAU Symp. 350; Salama, F., Linnartz, H., Eds.; 2020; in press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Canup, R.M. On a giant impact origin of Charon, Nix, and Hydra. Astron. J. 2011, 141, 35–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKinnon, W.B.; Stern, S.A.; Weaver, H.A.; Nimmo, F.; Bierson, C.J.; Grundy, W.M.; Cook, J.C.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Parker, A.H.; Moore, J.M.; et al. Origin of the Pluto-Charon system: Constraints from the New Horizons flyby. Icarus 2017, 287, 2–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cruikshank, D.P.; Grundy, W.M.; DeMeo, F.E.; Buie, M.W.; Binzel, R.P.; Jennings, D.E.; Olkin, C.B.; Parker, J.W.; Reuter, D.C.; Spencer, J.R.; et al. The surface compositions of Pluto and Charon. Icarus 2015, 246, 82–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stern, S.A.; Bagenal, F.; Ennico, K.; Gladstone, G.R.; Grundy, W.M.; McKinnon, W.B.; Moore, J.M.; Olkin, C.B.; Spencer, J.R.; Weaver, H.A.; et al. The Pluto system: Initial results from its exploration by New Horizons. Science 2015, 350, 1815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cook, J.C.; Dalle Ore, C.M.; Protopapa, S.; Binzel, R.P.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Earle, A.; Grundy, W.M.; Ennico, K.; Howett, C.; Jennings, D.E.; et al. The distribution of H2O, CH3OH, and hydrocarbon-ices on Pluto: Analysis of New Horizons spectral images. Icarus 2019, 331, 148–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dalle Ore, C.M.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Protopapa, S.; Scipioni, F.; McKinnon, W.B.; Cook, J.C.; Grundy, W.M.; Schmitt, B.; Stern, S.A.; Moore, J.M.; et al. Detection of ammonia on Pluto’s surface in a region of geologically recent tectonism. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cruikshank, D.P.; Umurhan, O.M.; Beyer, R.A.; Schmitt, B.; Keane, J.T.; Runyon, K.D.; Atri, D.; White, O.L.; Matsuyama, I.; Moore, J.M.; et al. Recent cryovolcanism in Virgil Fossae on Pluto. Icarus 2019, 330, 155–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nimmo, F.; Hamilton, D.P.; McKinnon, W.B.; Schenk, P.M.; Binzel, R.P.; Bierson, C.J.; Beyer, R.A.; Moore, J.M.; Stern, S.A.; Weaver, H.A.; et al. Reorientation of Sputnik Planitia implies a subsurface ocean on Pluto. Nature 2016, 540, 94–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Grundy, W.M.; Bertrand, T.; Binzel, R.P.; Buie, M.W.; Buratti, B.J.; Cheng, A.F.; Cook, J.C.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Devins, S.L.; Ore, C.M.D.; et al. Pluto’s haze as a surface material. Icarus 2018, 314, 232–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Protopapa, S.; Olkin, C.B.; Grundy, W.M.; Li, J.Y.; Verbiscer, A.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Gautier, T.; Quirico, E.; Cook, J.C.; Reuter, D.; et al. Disk-resolved photometric properties of Pluto and the coloring materials across its surface. Astron. J. 2020, 159, 74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neveu, M.; Desch, S.J.; Castillo-Rogez, J.C. Aqueous geochemistry in icy world interiors: Equilibrium fluid, rock, and gas compositions, and fate of antifreezes and radionuclides. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2017, 212, 324–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Sanctis, M.C.; Ammannito, E.; Raponi, A.; Marchi, S.; McCord, T.B.; McSween, H.Y.; Capaccioni, F.; Capria, M.T.; Carrozzo, F.G.; Ciarniello, M.; et al. Ammoniated phyllosilicates with a likely outer solar system origin on (1) Ceres. Nature 2015, 528, 241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alexander, C.M.; Russell, S.S.; Arden, J.W.; Ash, R.D.; Grady, M.M.; Pillinger, C.T. The origin of chondritic macromolecular organic matter: A carbon and nitrogen isotope study. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 1998, 33, 603–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schutte, W.A.; Gerakines, P.A.; Geballe, T.R.; van Dishoeck, E.F.; Greenberg, J.M. Discovery of solid formaldehyde toward the protostar GL 2136: Observations and laboratory simulation. Astron. Astrophys. 1996, 309, 633–647. [Google Scholar]
- Kebukawa, Y.; Cody, G.D. A kinetic study of the formation of organic solids from formaldehyde: Implications for the origin of extraterrestrial organic solids in primitive Solar System objects. Icarus 2015, 248, 412–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kebukawa, Y.; Chan, Q.H.S.; Tachibana, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Zolensky, M.E. One-pot synthesis of amino acid precursors with insoluble organic matter in planetesimals with aqueous activity. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sekine, Y.; Genda, H.; Kamata, S.; Funatsu, T. The Charon-forming giant impact as a source of Pluto’s dark equatorial regions. Nat. Astron. 2017, 1, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neish, C.D.; Somogyi, Á.; Lunine, J.I.; Smith, M.A. Low temperature hydrolysis of laboratory tholins in ammonia water solutions: Implications for prebiotic chemistry on Titan. Icarus 2009, 201, 412–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neish, C.D.; Somogyi, Á.; Smith, M.A. Titan’s primordial soup: Formation of amino acids via low-temperature hydrolysis of tholins. Astrobiology 2010, 10, 337–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cleaves, H.J., II; Neish, C.; Callahan, M.P.; Parker, E.; Fernandez, F.M.; Dworkin, J.P. Amino acids generated from hydrated Titan tholins: Comparison with Miller-Urey electric discharge products. Icarus 2014, 237, 182–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Prialnik, D.; Sarid, G.; Rosenberg, E.D.; Merk, R. Thermal and chemical evolution of comet nuclei and Kuiper belt objects. Space Sci. Rev. 2008, 138, 147–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bierson, C.J.; Nimmo, F. Using the density of Kuiper belt objects to constrain their composition and formation history. Icarus 2019, 326, 10–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grundy, W.M.; Noll, K.S.; Buie, M.W.; Benecchi, S.D.; Ragozzine, D.; Roe, H.G. The mutual orbit, mass, and density of transneptunian binary Gǃkúnǁ’hòmdímà (229762 2007 UK126). Icarus 2019, 334, 30–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cruikshank, D.P.; Materese, C.K.; Pendleton, Y.J.; Boston, P.J.; Grundy, W.M.; Schmitt, B.; Lisse, C.M.; Runyon, K.D.; Keane, J.T.; Beyer, R.A.; et al. Prebiotic chemistry of Pluto. Astrobiology 2019, 17, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brown, M.E.; Calvin, W.M. Evidence for crystalline water and ammonia ices on Pluto’s satellite Charon. Science 2000, 287, 107–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dumas, C.; Terrile, R.J.; Brown, R.H.; Schneider, G.; Smith, B.A. Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS spectroscopy of Charon’s leading and trailing hemispheres. Astron. J. 2001, 121, 1163–1170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cook, J.C.; Desch, S.J.; Roush, T.L.; Trujillo, C.A.; Geballe, T.R. Near-infrared spectroscopy of Charon: Possible evidence for cryovolcanism on Kuiper belt objects. Astrophys. J. 2007, 663, 1406–1419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Protopapa, S.; Boehnhardt, H.; Herbst, T.M.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Grundy, W.M.; Merlin, F.; Olkin, C.B. Surface characterization of Pluto and Charon by L and M band spectra. Astron. Astrophys. 2008, 490, 365–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dalle Ore, C.M.; Protopapa, S.; Cook, J.C.; Grundy, W.M.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Verbiscer, A.J.; Ennico, K.; Olkin, C.B.; Stern, S.A.; Weaver, H.A.; et al. Ices on Charon: Distribution of H2O and NH3 from New Horizons LEISA observations. Icarus 2017, 300, 21–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cook, J.C.; Dalle Ore, C.M.; Protopapa, S.; Binzel, R.P.; Cartwright, R.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Earle, A.; Grundy, W.M.; Ennico, K.; Howett, C.; et al. Composition of Pluto’s small satellites: Analysis of New Horizons spectral images. Icarus 2018, 315, 30–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loeffler, M.J.; Raut, U.; Baragiola, R.A. Radiation chemistry in ammonia-water ices. J. Chem. Phys. 2010, 132, 054508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Thompson, W.R.; Murray, B.G.J.P.T.; Khare, B.N.; Sagan, C. Coloration and darkening of methane clathrate and other ices by charged particle irradiation. Applications to the outer Solar System. J. Geophys. Res. 1987, 92, 933–947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lisse, C.M.; Young, L.A.; Cruikshank, D.P.; Sandford, S.A.; Stern, A.; Weaver, H.A., Jr.; Umurhan, O.M.; Pendleton, Y.J.; Keane, J.T.; Gladstone, R.; et al. On the origin and stability of Arrokoth’s and Pluto’s ices. Icarus 2020. in review. [Google Scholar]
- Boogert, A.C.A.; Huard, T.L.; Cook, A.M.; Chiar, J.E.; Knez, C.; Decin, L.; Blake, G.A.; Tielens, A.G.G.M.; van Dishoeck, E.F. Ice and dust in the quiescent medium of isolated dense cores. Astrophys. J. 2011, 729, 92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mumma, M.J.; DiSanti, M.A.; Dello Russo, N.; Magee-Sauer, K.; Gibb, E.; Novak, R. Remote infrared observations of parent volatiles in comets: A window on the early solar system. Adv. Space Res. 2003, 31, 2563–2575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mousis, O.; Guilbert-Lepoutre, A.; Brugger, B.; Jorda, L.; Kargel, J.S.; Bouquet, A.; Auger, A.T.; Lamy, P.; Vernazza, P.; Thomas, N.; et al. Pits formation from volatile outgassing on 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2015, 814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vincent, J.B.; Bodewits, D.; Besse, S.; Sierks, H.; Barbieri, C.; Lamy, P.; Rodrigo, R.; Koschny, D.; Rickman, H.; Keller, H.U.; et al. Large heterogeneities in comet 67P as revealed by active pits from sinkhole collapse. Nature 2015, 523, 63–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stern, S.A. ISM-induced erosion and gas-dynamical drag in the Oort cloud. Icarus 1990, 84, 447–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stern, S.A. The evolution of comets in the Oort cloud and Kuiper belt. Nature 2003, 424, 639–642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schaller, E.L.; Brown, M.E. 2007. Volatile loss and retention on Kuiper belt objects. Astrophys. J. 2007, 659, L61–L64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pontoppidan, K.M.; Salyk, C.; Bergin, E.A. Volatiles in protoplanetary disks. In Protostars and Planets VI; Beuther, H., Klessen, R.S., Cornelis, P., Henning, T., Eds.; Univ. Arizona Press: Tucson, AZ, USA, 2014; pp. 363–385. [Google Scholar]
- Ciesla, F.J.; Sandford, S.A. Organic synthesis via irradiation and warming of ice grains in the solar nebula. Science 2012, 336, 452–454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Brogan, C.L.; Perez, L.M.; Hunter, T.R.; Dent, W.R.F.; Hales, A.S.; Hills, R.E.; Corder, S.; EFomalont, B.; Vlahakis, C.; ALMA Partnership; et al. The 2014 ALMA long baseline campaign: First results from high angular resolution observations toward the HL Tau region. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2015, 808, L3. [Google Scholar]
- McClure, M.K.; Bergin, E.A.; Cleeves, L.I.; van Dishoeck, E.F.; Blake, G.A.; Evans, N.J., II; Green, J.D.; Henning, T.; Öberg, K.I.; Pontoppidan, K.M.; et al. Mass measurements in protoplanetary disks from hydrogen deuteride. Astrophys. J. 2016, 831, 167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, K.; Bergin, E.A.; Blake, G.A.; Cleeves, L.; Schwarz, K.R. Mass inventory of the giant-planet formation zone in a solar nebula analogue. Nat. Astron. 2017, 1, 130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krijt, S.; Schwarz, K.; Bergin, E.A.; Ciesla, F.J. Transport of CO in protoplanetary disks: Consequences of pebble formation, settling, and radial drift. Astrophys. J. 2018, 864, 78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bergin, E.A.; Cleeves, L.; Crockett, N.; Blake, G. Exploring the origins of carbon in terrestrial worlds. Faraday Discuss. 2014, 168, 61–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bosman, A.D.; Walsh, C.; van Dishoeck, E.F. CO destructiion in protoplanetary disk midplanes: Inside versus outside the CO snow surface. Astron. Astrophys. 2018, 618, A182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Cruikshank, D.P.; Pendleton, Y.J.; Grundy, W.M. Organic Components of Small Bodies in the Outer Solar System: Some Results of the New Horizons Mission. Life 2020, 10, 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/life10080126
Cruikshank DP, Pendleton YJ, Grundy WM. Organic Components of Small Bodies in the Outer Solar System: Some Results of the New Horizons Mission. Life. 2020; 10(8):126. https://doi.org/10.3390/life10080126
Chicago/Turabian StyleCruikshank, Dale P., Yvonne J. Pendleton, and William M. Grundy. 2020. "Organic Components of Small Bodies in the Outer Solar System: Some Results of the New Horizons Mission" Life 10, no. 8: 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/life10080126