Dose-Response Relationship between Endurance Training Prescription Variables and Increases in Aerobic Performance of Healthy and Unhealthy Middle and Very Old Individuals Aged 70 Years and Older: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Search Strategy
2.2. Risk of Bias Assessment
2.3. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
- Population: studies involving healthy and unhealthy (i.e., patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction, individuals with ischemic heart disease, hypertension, musculoskeletal problem, respiratory disease, diabetes, overweight or obese) middle and very old adults (aged 70 years and older).
- Intervention or exposure:
- Studies investigating the effects of ET on VO2peak in older adults;
- Comparator: Studies comparing an experimental group with a control group;
- Outcome(s):
- VO2peak (L/min or mL/kg/min);
- Training prescription variables: type of training, training frequency (sessions/week), and training duration (weeks);
- Study design: RCTs studies;
- Studies were excluded if:
- (i)
- Reviews, opinion papers and commentaries, interviews, editorials, posters, conference papers, letters to the editor, book chapters, and books.
- (ii)
- Articles with insufficient data.
2.4. Coding of Studies
2.5. Data Extraction
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Literature Search Results
3.2. Overall Effects of Endurance Training on Measures of VO2peak
3.3. Influence of Different Moderating Variables on Endurance Training Related Effects
3.3.1. Health Status
3.3.2. Gender
3.4. Dose–Response Relationships of Endurance Training on VO2peak
3.4.1. Findings from the Meta-Regression
3.4.2. Findings from the Univariate Analysis
Training and Session Duration and Training Frequency
3.5. Evaluation of Publication Bias
4. Discussion
4.1. General Effectiveness of Endurance Training on VO2peak
4.2. Participants Characteristics
4.3. Dose–response Relationships of Endurance Training on VO2peak
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Independent Variables | Number of Studies | Number of Effect Size | SMD Estimate | SE | 95% CI | p | Heterogeneity, Q Statistic (p Value) | F Value and (p) between Groups |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Main effect | ||||||||
Pooled effect (REML model) | 12 | 18 | 2.60 | 0.79 | 0.97to 4.31 | 0.004 | 127.810 (<0.001) | NA |
Health status | ||||||||
Healthy | 6 | 9 | 2.25 | 0.51 | 1.09 to 3.04 | <0.001 | 74.91 (<0.001) | F1,15 = 13.52 (<0.001) |
Unhealthy | 5 | 8 | 1.53 | 0.53 | 0.41 to 2.65 | 0.011 | ||
Both (Healthy and Unhealthy) | 1 | 1 | 15.00 | 2.54 | 9.62 to 20.37 | <0.001 | ||
Gender | ||||||||
Both (Female and Male) | 7 | 10 | 1.38 | 0.91 | −0.54 to 3.30 | 0.148 | 91.94 (<0.001) | F1,15 = 3.17 (0.07) |
Female | 2 | 2 | 3.63 | 1.66 | 0.11 to 7.14 | 0.044 | 102.03 (<0.001) | F1,15 = 0.46 (0.63) |
Male | 3 | 6 | 2.23 | 1.3 | −0.31 to 4.71 | 0.088 | 119.08 (<0.001) | F1,15 = 2.41 (0.12) |
Training duration | ||||||||
<13 weeks | 4 | 9 | 2.26 | 0.97 | 0.22 to 4.23 | 0.032 | 115.37 (<0.001) | F1,16 = 0.54 (0.47) |
≥13 weeks | 8 | 9 | 2.87 | 0.84 | 1.05 to 4.58 | 0.004 | ||
Session duration | ||||||||
20–30 min | 2 | 2 | 1.32 | 2.13 | −3.19 to 5.84 | 0.544 | 77.17 (<0.001) | F1,15 = 1.01 (0.37) |
31–45 min | 6 | 11 | 3.58 | 1.05 | 1.27 to 5.76 | 0.005 | ||
46–65 min | 5 | 5 | 2.25 | 1.13 | −0.14 to 4.64 | 0.064 | ||
Training frequency | ||||||||
3 per week | 9 | 13 | 2.89 | 1.01 | 0.71 to 5.00 | 0.012 | 123.67 (<0.001) | F1,16 = 0.11 (0.73) |
4–5 per week | 3 | 5 | 2.19 | 1.74 | −1.48 to 5.853 | 0.225 |
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Cheour, S.; Cheour, C.; Bragazzi, N.L.; Zou, L.; Paravlic, A.H.; Slimani, M.; Cheour, F. Dose-Response Relationship between Endurance Training Prescription Variables and Increases in Aerobic Performance of Healthy and Unhealthy Middle and Very Old Individuals Aged 70 Years and Older: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Life 2021, 11, 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11020121
Cheour S, Cheour C, Bragazzi NL, Zou L, Paravlic AH, Slimani M, Cheour F. Dose-Response Relationship between Endurance Training Prescription Variables and Increases in Aerobic Performance of Healthy and Unhealthy Middle and Very Old Individuals Aged 70 Years and Older: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Life. 2021; 11(2):121. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11020121
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheour, Sarah, Chouaib Cheour, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Liye Zou, Armin H. Paravlic, Maamer Slimani, and Foued Cheour. 2021. "Dose-Response Relationship between Endurance Training Prescription Variables and Increases in Aerobic Performance of Healthy and Unhealthy Middle and Very Old Individuals Aged 70 Years and Older: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" Life 11, no. 2: 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11020121