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Article

The Mitochondrial Genome of the Sea Anemone Stichodactyla haddoni Reveals Catalytic Introns, Insertion-Like Element, and Unexpected Phylogeny

by
Steinar Daae Johansen
1,2,*,
Sylvia I. Chi
3,
Arseny Dubin
1 and
Tor Erik Jørgensen
1
1
Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway
2
Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
3
Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON K1G 4J5, Canada
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Life 2021, 11(5), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/life11050402
Submission received: 31 March 2021 / Revised: 21 April 2021 / Accepted: 26 April 2021 / Published: 28 April 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Phylogenetics and Mitochondrial Evolution)
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Abstract

A hallmark of sea anemone mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) is the presence of complex catalytic group I introns. Here, we report the complete mitogenome and corresponding transcriptome of the carpet sea anemone Stichodactyla haddoni (family Stichodactylidae). The mitogenome is vertebrate-like in size, organization, and gene content. Two mitochondrial genes encoding NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) are interrupted with complex group I introns, and one of the introns (ND5-717) harbors two conventional mitochondrial genes (ND1 and ND3) within its sequence. All the mitochondrial genes, including the group I introns, are expressed at the RNA level. Nonconventional and optional mitochondrial genes are present in the mitogenome of S. haddoni. One of these gene codes for a COI-884 intron homing endonuclease and is organized in-frame with the upstream COI exon. The insertion-like orfA is expressed as RNA and translocated in the mitogenome as compared with other sea anemones. Phylogenetic analyses based on complete nucleotide and derived protein sequences indicate that S. haddoni is embedded within the family Actiniidae, a finding that challenges current taxonomy.
Keywords: Actiniaria; group I intron; mtDNA; mitogenome; phylogeny; rearrangement; sea anemone Actiniaria; group I intron; mtDNA; mitogenome; phylogeny; rearrangement; sea anemone

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MDPI and ACS Style

Johansen, S.D.; Chi, S.I.; Dubin, A.; Jørgensen, T.E. The Mitochondrial Genome of the Sea Anemone Stichodactyla haddoni Reveals Catalytic Introns, Insertion-Like Element, and Unexpected Phylogeny. Life 2021, 11, 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11050402

AMA Style

Johansen SD, Chi SI, Dubin A, Jørgensen TE. The Mitochondrial Genome of the Sea Anemone Stichodactyla haddoni Reveals Catalytic Introns, Insertion-Like Element, and Unexpected Phylogeny. Life. 2021; 11(5):402. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11050402

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johansen, Steinar Daae, Sylvia I. Chi, Arseny Dubin, and Tor Erik Jørgensen. 2021. "The Mitochondrial Genome of the Sea Anemone Stichodactyla haddoni Reveals Catalytic Introns, Insertion-Like Element, and Unexpected Phylogeny" Life 11, no. 5: 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11050402

APA Style

Johansen, S. D., Chi, S. I., Dubin, A., & Jørgensen, T. E. (2021). The Mitochondrial Genome of the Sea Anemone Stichodactyla haddoni Reveals Catalytic Introns, Insertion-Like Element, and Unexpected Phylogeny. Life, 11(5), 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11050402

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