Dietary Patterns and Oral Health Behaviours Associated with Caries Development from 4 to 7 Years of Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Dietary Intake
2.4. Dental Examination
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample ¥ (n = 607) | Remaining Cohort § (n = 8040) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | p | |
Child’s sex n (%) | |||||
Female | 289 | 47.6 | 3947 | 49.1 | 0.482 |
Male | 318 | 52.4 | 4093 | 50.9 | |
<37 weeks | 39 | 7.9 | 484 | 9.2 | 0.361 |
≥37 weeks | 452 | 92.1 | 5783 | 90.8 | |
Weight at birth (g) | 607 | 8039 | |||
Median | 3240 | 3190 | 0.112 | ||
(IQR) | (2900–3509) | (2880–3490) | |||
Mothers’ age (years) n | 607 | 8034 | |||
Median | 29 | 29 | 0.446 | ||
(IQR) | (26–33) | (25–33) | |||
Maternal education (years) n | 606 | 6818 | |||
Median | 12 | 11 | 0.087 | ||
(IQR) | (9–15) | (8–14) | |||
Low: ≤1000 € | 163 | 27.2 | 2117 | 32.0 | 0.022 |
Intermediate: 1001–1500 € | 165 | 27.5 | 1849 | 27.9 | |
High: >1500 € | 271 | 45.2 | 2652 | 40.1 |
Dental Caries Development | Severe Dental Caries Development | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New Caries = 0 n (%) | New Caries > 0 n (%) | p | New Caries = 0 n (%) | New Caries > 2 n (%) | p | |
Child’s sex | ||||||
Female | 146 (49.3) | 143 (46.0) | 0.410 | 146 (49.3) | 76 (45.8) | 0.465 |
Male | 150 (50.7) | 168 (54.0) | 150 (50.7) | 90 (54.2) | ||
Maternal education | ||||||
≤9 years | 99 (33.4) | 160 (51.8) | <0.001 | 99 (33.4) | 99 (60.0) | <0.001 |
10–12 years | 95 (32.1) | 87 (28.2) | 95 (32.1) | 49 (29.7) | ||
>12 years | 102 (34.5) | 62 (20.1) | 102 (34.5) | 17 (10.3) | ||
Monthly household income | ||||||
Low: ≤1000 € | 56 (19.1) | 107 (35.0) | <0.001 | 75 (25.8) | 65 (40.1) | <0.001 |
Intermediate: 1001–1500 € | 75 (25.6) | 90 (29.4) | 81 (27.8) | 56 (34.6) | ||
High: >1500 € | 162 (55.3) | 109 (35.6) | 135 (46.4) | 41 (25.3) | ||
Toothbrushing frequency | ||||||
<2 or ≥2 times per day, none at bedtime | 123 (42.0) | 152 (49.8) | 0.054 | 123 (42.0) | 83 (50.9) | 0.066 |
≥2 times per day, 1 at bedtime | 170 (58.0) | 153 (50.2) | 170 (58.0) | 80 (49.1) | ||
Fluoride toothpaste | ||||||
No | 14 (6.3) | 15 (6.6) | 0.907 | 14 (6.3) | 7 (5.9) | 0.884 |
Yes | 207 (93.7) | 212 (93.4) | 207 (93.7) | 111 (94.1) | ||
Parental-supervised toothbrushing | ||||||
No | 19 (6.5) | 36 (11.7) | 0.029 | 19 (6.5) | 19 (11.5) | 0.064 |
Yes | 272 (93.5) | 272 (88.3) | 272 (93.5) | 146 (88.5) | ||
Dental appointment at 4-year-old | ||||||
No | 199 (67.9) | 203 (65.3) | 0.491 | 199 (67.9) | 112 (67.5) | 0.921 |
Yes | 94 (32.8) | 108 (34.7) | 94 (32.1) | 54 (32.5) | ||
Eating before go to bed | ||||||
No | 180 (62.3) | 162 (52.6) | 0.017 | 180 (62.3) | 80 (48.8) | 0.005 |
Yes | 109 (37.7) | 146 (47.4) | 109 (37.7) | 84 (51.2) | ||
Dietary patterns | ||||||
Energy-dense foods | 116 (39.5) | 158 (51.8) | 0.002 | 116 (39.5) | 87 (53.7) | <0.001 |
Snacking | 37 (12.6) | 44 (14.4) | 37 (12.6) | 29 (17.9) | ||
Healthier | 141 (48.0) | 103 (33.8) | 141 (48.0) | 46 (28.4) | ||
Daily frequency of cariogenic food intake | ||||||
n | 213 | 230 | 0.575 | 294 | 165 | 0.622 |
Median (IQR) | 2.74 (1.99–3.75) | 2.82 (1.85–4.12) | 2.39 (1.72–3.42) | 3.24 (2.09–4.39) | ||
Daily frequency of cariogenic drinks intake | ||||||
n | 214 | 230 | 0.063 | 294 | 165 | 0.070 |
Median (IQR) | 0.67 (0.26–1.26) | 0.855 (0.34–1.48) | 1.34 (0.9–2.42) | 1.93 (1.24–3.01) |
Dental Caries Development | Severe Dental Caries Development | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR | Adjusted OR * | Crude OR | Adjusted OR * | |
Healthier | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Snacking | 1.14 (0.66–1.96) | 1.47 (0.88–2.46) | 1.56 (0.81–3.01) | 2.19 (1.20–4.00) |
Energy-dense foods | 1.43 (0.97–2.11) | 1.77 (1.24–2.53) | 1.58 (0.97–2.58) | 2.19 (1.41–3.41) |
Eating before go to bed | Crude OR | Adjusted OR ** | Crude OR | Adjusted OR ** |
Yes | 1.31 (0.92–1.88) | 1.30 (0.91–1.85) | 1.75 (1.13–2.70) | 1.77 (1.15–2.74) |
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Carvalho Silva, C.; Gavinha, S.; Vilela, S.; Rodrigues, R.; Manso, M.C.; Severo, M.; Lopes, C.; Melo, P. Dietary Patterns and Oral Health Behaviours Associated with Caries Development from 4 to 7 Years of Age. Life 2021, 11, 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11070609
Carvalho Silva C, Gavinha S, Vilela S, Rodrigues R, Manso MC, Severo M, Lopes C, Melo P. Dietary Patterns and Oral Health Behaviours Associated with Caries Development from 4 to 7 Years of Age. Life. 2021; 11(7):609. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11070609
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarvalho Silva, Cátia, Sandra Gavinha, Sofia Vilela, Rita Rodrigues, Maria Conceição Manso, Milton Severo, Carla Lopes, and Paulo Melo. 2021. "Dietary Patterns and Oral Health Behaviours Associated with Caries Development from 4 to 7 Years of Age" Life 11, no. 7: 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11070609