The Association between Low Muscle Mass and Hepatic Steatosis in Asymptomatic Population in Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurements of Clinical and Laboratory Parameters
2.3. Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. Definitions of Low Muscle Mass and Obesity
2.5. CAP and Liver Stiffness Measurement
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Parameters Associated with Low Muscle Mass
3.3. Association between NAFLD and Low Muscle Mass
3.4. Stratified Analysis According to Obesity
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control (N = 506) | Low Muscle Mass I (N = 344) | Low Muscle Mass II (N = 110) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 57.7 ± 9.4 | 59.3 ± 9.7 | 60.2 ± 11.3 | 0.013 |
Male, n (%) | 279 (55.1) | 257 (74.7) | 89 (80.9) | <0.001 |
Current smoking, n (%) | 103 (20.4) | 70 (20.3) | 23 (20.9) | 0.991 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 2.3 | 25.6 ± 2.6 | 28.8 ± 4.1 | <0.001 |
BMI ≥ 25 (kg/m2), n (%) | 84 (16.6) | 200 (58.1) | 94 (85.5) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 84.2 ± 7.2 | 92.2 ± 7.4 | 100.0 ± 9.9 | <0.001 |
ASM/weight, % | 31.3 ± 3.3 | 29.2 ± 2.8 | 26.4 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 121.4 ± 16.0 | 124.4 ± 15.8 | 125.4 ± 15.7 | 0.006 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 80.6 ± 10.6 | 81.7 ± 11.1 | 82.4 ± 10.7 | 0.191 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 47 (9.3) | 63 (18.3) | 19 (17.8) | <0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 124 (24.5) | 127 (36.9) | 48 (43.6) | <0.001 |
Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 126 (24.9) | 122 (35.5) | 37 (33.6) | 0.003 |
Laboratory parameters | ||||
AST (IU/L) + | 25 (20–30) | 26 (21–33) | 27 (21–32) | 0.329 |
ALT (IU/L) + | 22 (16–31) | 26 (19–38) | 27 (20–44) | <0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 193.7 ± 39.8 | 185.2 ± 41.5 | 200.8 ± 45.7 | 0.001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) + | 86 (65–130) | 112 (82–158) | 132 (90–193) | <0.001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56.9 ± 15.4 | 51.4 ± 13.0 | 50.4 ± 13.7 | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 103.1 ± 19.8 | 109.9 ± 24.5 | 112.8 ± 27.5 | <0.001 |
Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 6.1 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.83 ± 0.2 | 0.87 ± 0.2 | 0.86 ± 0.2 | 0.010 |
HS-CRP (mg/dL) | 0.10 ± 0.3 | 0.16 ± 0.4 | 0.28 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
Transient elastography | ||||
CAP, dB/m + | 238 (204–268) | 271 (236–303) | 299 (263–329) | <0.001 |
CAP ≥ 248 | 196 (38.7) | 232 (67.4) | 92 (83.6) | <0.001 |
CAP ≥ 302 | 59 (11.7) | 87 (25.3) | 53 (48.2) | <0.001 |
Liver stiffness measurement, kPa + | 3.5 (3.0–4.2) | 3.9 (3.3–4.8) | 4.3 (3.5–5.0) | 0.001 |
Tertile 1 (<3.4) | 204 (40.3) | 92 (26.7) | 17 (15.5) | <0.001 |
Tertile 2 (3.4–4.2) | 182 (36.0) | 108 (31.4) | 38 (34.5) | |
Tertile 3 (≥4.3) | 120 (23.7) | 144 (41.9) | 55 (50.0) |
Variables | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 1.02 | 1.01–1.03 | 0.005 |
Male | 2.59 | 1.96–3.44 | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 2.02 | 1.52–2.68 | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 2.15 | 1.45–3.19 | <0.001 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 1.58 | 1.19–2.10 | 0.002 |
Current smoking | 1.02 | 0.74–1.40 | 0.919 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 1.71 | 1.59–1.84 | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 1.02 | 1.01–1.02 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.113 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL + | 2.64 | 2.02–3.46 | <0.001 |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 0.97 | 0.96–0.98 | <0.001 |
AST, IU/L + | 1.47 | 1.05–2.06 | 0.025 |
ALT, IU/L + | 2.07 | 1.65–2.68 | <0.001 |
HS-CRP (mg/dL) | 3.07 | 1.56–6.03 | 0.001 |
CAP, dB/m | 1.02 | 1.01–1.02 | <0.001 |
CAP ≥ 248 dB/m | 3.91 | 2.97–5.15 | <0.001 |
CAP ≥ 302 dB/m | 3.55 | 2.51–5.03 | <0.001 |
LSM, kPa | 1.43 | 1.27–1.61 | <0.001 |
LSM, Tertile 1st | 1 (reference) | <0.001 | |
Tertile 2nd | 1.49 | 1.08–2.07 | 0.015 |
Tertile 3rd | 3.22 | 2.31–4.49 | <0.001 |
Low Muscle Mass I | Low Muscle Mass II | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age and Sex Adjusted | Multivariate Model | Age and Sex Adjusted | Multivariate Model | |||||
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
CAP < 248 dB/m | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | <0.001 * | 1 (reference) | <0.001 * | ||
CAP ≥ 248 dB/m | 3.09 (2.28–4.17) | <0.001 | 1.96 (1.38–2.78) | <0.001 | 7.24 (4.19–12.50) | <0.001 | 3.33 (1.77–6.26) | <0.001 |
CAP Grade | ||||||||
CAP < 248 dB/m | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | <0.001 * | 1 (reference) | <0.001 * | ||
CAP ≥ 248, <302 dB/m | 2.68 (1.93–3.74) | <0.001 | 1.88 (1.29–2.73) | 0.001 | 4.14 (2.26–7.61) | <0.001 | 2.33 (1.18–4.60) | 0.015 |
CAP ≥ 302 dB/m | 4.10 (2.71–6.22) | <0.001 | 2.19 (1.35–3.58) | 0.002 | 15.4 (8.24–28.7) | <0.001 | 6.17 (2.93–13.0) | <0.001 |
Liver stiffness measurement | ||||||||
Tertile 1st | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | <0.001 * | 1 (reference) | 0.002 * | ||
Tertile 2nd | 1.30 (0.91–1.86) | 0.151 | 1.11 (0.75–1.65) | 0.610 | 2.26 (1.22–4.20) | 0.010 | 1.54 (0.77–3.06) | 0.221 |
Tertile 3rd | 2.51 (1.75–3.61) | <0.001 | 1.97 (1.31–2.95) | 0.001 | 4.75 (2.60–8.67) | <0.001 | 2.96 (1.51–5.78) | 0.002 |
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Chung, G.-E.; Park, H.-E.; Kim, M.-J.; Kwak, M.-S.; Yang, J.-I.; Chung, S.-J.; Yim, J.-Y.; Yoon, J.-W. The Association between Low Muscle Mass and Hepatic Steatosis in Asymptomatic Population in Korea. Life 2021, 11, 848. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11080848
Chung G-E, Park H-E, Kim M-J, Kwak M-S, Yang J-I, Chung S-J, Yim J-Y, Yoon J-W. The Association between Low Muscle Mass and Hepatic Steatosis in Asymptomatic Population in Korea. Life. 2021; 11(8):848. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11080848
Chicago/Turabian StyleChung, Goh-Eun, Hyo-Eun Park, Min-Joo Kim, Min-Sun Kwak, Jong-In Yang, Su-Jin Chung, Jeong-Yoon Yim, and Ji-Won Yoon. 2021. "The Association between Low Muscle Mass and Hepatic Steatosis in Asymptomatic Population in Korea" Life 11, no. 8: 848. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11080848