Seminal Plasma Protein N-Glycan Peaks Are Potential Predictors of Semen Pathology and Sperm Chromatin Maturity in Men
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Descriptive Characteristics of Study Participants
2.2. Association of Sperm DNA Fragmentation and Semen Parameters
2.3. Association of Sperm Chromatin Maturity and Semen Parameters
2.4. N-Glycan Composition in Normozoospermic and Pathological Diagnosis
2.5. Structural Characterization of SPGP14
2.6. Association of N-Glycans with Semen Parameters
2.7. Association between N-Glycans and Sperm Chromatin Maturity
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Sample Collection
4.2. Semen Parameter Analysis by CASA (Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis)
4.3. DNA Fragmentation Assay
4.4. Aniline Blue Assay
4.5. N-Glycan Analysis from Total Seminal Plasma Proteins
4.6. Detection and Measurement of N-Glycans
4.7. Structural Characterization of SPGP14
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N (N = 82) | P (N = 84) | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Age | 34.5 | 6.4 | 36.0 | 6.8 | 0.178 |
Sperm concentration (106/mL) | 59.1 | 29.0 | 33.4 | 92.9 | <0.001 |
Total sperm count (106/ejaculate) | 188.3 | 116.1 | 72.4 | 115.4 | <0.001 |
Volume (mL) | 3.3 | 1.3 | 3.2 | 1.8 | 0.269 |
DFI (%) | 17.8 | 9.2 | 30.7 | 17.5 | <0.001 |
Big halo sperm (%) | 58.1 | 18.7 | 42.1 | 20.3 | <0.001 |
Medium halo sperm (%) | 24.1 | 15.4 | 27.4 | 12.3 | 0.010 |
Small halo sperm (%) | 3.6 | 2.1 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 0.019 |
Sperm without halo (%) | 13.6 | 8.4 | 24.7 | 14.2 | <0.001 |
Degraded sperm (%) | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.421 |
Sperm chromatin maturity (%) | 94.5 | 4.8 | 95.4 | 4.1 | 0.197 |
N (N = 82) | A (N = 29) | O (N = 21) | OA (N = 34) | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Age | 34.5 | 6.4 | 36.0 | 7.7 | 37.0 | 6.7 | 35.4 | 6.0 | 0.516 |
Sperm concentration (106/mL) | 59.1 | 29.0 | 52.7 | 29.8 | 12.1 | 10.6 | 30.2 | 142.3 | <0.001 |
Total sperm count (106/ejaculate) | 188.3 | 116.1 | 165.1 | 158.4 | 26.3 | 19.2 | 21.8 | 21.2 | <0.001 |
Volume (mL) | 3.3 | 1.3 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 3.7 | 2.2 | 0.229 |
DFI (%) | 17.8 | 9.2 | 27.6 | 15.3 | 21.6 | 7.2 | 38.9 | 20.3 | <0.001 |
Big halo sperm (%) | 58.1 | 18.7 | 49.3 | 20.4 | 49.6 | 15.8 | 31.3 | 18.3 | <0.001 |
Medium halo sperm (%) | 24.1 | 15.4 | 23.5 | 10.3 | 28.8 | 12.5 | 29.8 | 13.3 | 0.019 |
Small halo sperm (%) | 3.6 | 2.1 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 7.1 | 6.6 | 0.005 |
Sperm without halo (%) | 13.6 | 8.4 | 22.1 | 12.2 | 17.7 | 6.3 | 31.1 | 16.7 | <0.001 |
Degraded sperm (%) | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.164 |
Sperm chromatin maturity (%) | 94.5 | 4.8 | 94.7 | 4.0 | 96.2 | 4.6 | 95.5 | 3.8 | 0.216 |
Seminal Plasma Glycan Peak (SPGP) | N (N = 82) | P (N = 84) | Nominal p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
SPGP1 | 2.27 | 0.40 | 2.35 | 0.65 | 0.989 |
SPGP2 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.406 |
SPGP3 | 0.32 | 0.12 | 0.34 | 0.11 | 0.307 |
SPGP4 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.887 |
SPGP5 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.336 |
SPGP6 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.085 |
SPGP7 | 4.94 | 1.95 | 4.98 | 2.24 | 0.957 |
SPGP8 | 0.85 | 1.03 | 0.71 | 0.27 | 0.384 |
SPGP9 | 2.87 | 0.85 | 2.90 | 1.10 | 0.992 |
SPGP10 | 3.03 | 0.66 | 3.07 | 0.93 | 0.744 |
SPGP11 | 0.19 | 0.43 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.961 |
SPGP12 | 7.18 | 1.70 | 7.26 | 2.16 | 0.906 |
SPGP13 | 6.93 | 1.21 | 6.80 | 1.26 | 0.579 |
SPGP14 * | 3.85 | 0.89 | 3.46 | 1.24 | <0.001 |
SPGP15 | 11.36 | 7.46 | 12.68 | 7.89 | 0.150 |
SPGP16 | 3.81 | 1.12 | 3.65 | 1.33 | 0.167 |
SPGP17 | 2.78 | 1.47 | 2.79 | 1.23 | 0.791 |
SPGP18 | 9.73 | 3.56 | 9.60 | 4.05 | 0.855 |
SPGP19 | 5.40 | 2.41 | 5.38 | 2.10 | 0.899 |
SPGP20 | 7.46 | 4.39 | 7.04 | 3.85 | 0.492 |
SPGP21 | 1.16 | 0.59 | 1.13 | 0.53 | 0.952 |
SPGP22 | 2.15 | 1.21 | 2.17 | 1.35 | 0.960 |
SPGP23 | 3.65 | 1.91 | 3.46 | 2.00 | 0.217 |
SPGP24 | 2.11 | 1.86 | 2.18 | 1.79 | 0.497 |
SPGP25 | 1.43 | 0.96 | 1.31 | 0.82 | 0.349 |
SPGP26 | 1.19 | 0.77 | 1.39 | 1.02 | 0.134 |
SPGP27 | 1.38 | 0.61 | 1.59 | 0.64 | 0.018 |
SPGP28 | 1.74 | 0.71 | 1.79 | 0.85 | 0.997 |
SPGP29 | 2.40 | 1.05 | 2.48 | 1.14 | 0.896 |
SPGP30 | 1.12 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.55 | 0.548 |
SPGP31 | 2.89 | 1.74 | 2.72 | 1.80 | 0.436 |
SPGP32 | 1.23 | 0.52 | 1.19 | 0.66 | 0.063 |
SPGP33 | 0.74 | 0.49 | 0.71 | 0.47 | 0.906 |
SPGP34 | 0.77 | 0.37 | 0.85 | 0.52 | 0.426 |
SPGP35 | 0.49 | 0.30 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0.423 |
SPGP36 | 0.85 | 0.72 | 0.81 | 0.51 | 0.745 |
SPGP37 | 1.00 | 0.53 | 0.90 | 0.43 | 0.294 |
Seminal Plasma Glycan Peak (SPGP) | N (N = 82) | A (N = 29) | O (N = 21) | OA (N = 34) | Nominal p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
SPGP1 | 2.27 | 0.40 | 2.30 | 0.52 | 2.35 | 0.89 | 2.40 | 0.60 | 0.676 |
SPGP2 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.183 |
SPGP3 | 0.32 | 0.12 | 0.35 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.09 | 0.31 | 0.09 | 0.112 |
SPGP4 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.117 |
SPGP5 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.042 |
SPGP6 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.168 |
SPGP7 | 4.94 | 1.95 | 4.31 | 1.95 | 5.34 | 2.53 | 5.33 | 2.23 | 0.135 |
SPGP8 | 0.85 | 1.03 | 0.64 | 0.21 | 0.72 | 0.28 | 0.75 | 0.30 | 0.314 |
SPGP9 | 2.87 | 0.85 | 3.00 | 1.22 | 3.04 | 1.43 | 2.73 | 0.72 | 0.851 |
SPGP10 | 3.03 | 0.66 | 2.95 | 0.64 | 3.37 | 1.52 | 2.99 | 0.61 | 0.386 |
SPGP11 | 0.19 | 0.43 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.244 |
SPGP12 | 7.18 | 1.70 | 7.68 | 2.36 | 7.31 | 2.62 | 6.87 | 1.60 | 0.670 |
SPGP13 | 6.93 | 1.21 | 6.70 | 1.37 | 6.82 | 1.14 | 6.87 | 1.26 | 0.655 |
SPGP14 * | 3.85 | 0.89 | 3.89 | 1.33 | 3.39 | 1.50 | 3.13 | 0.86 | <0.001 |
SPGP15 | 11.36 | 7.46 | 13.84 | 9.19 | 11.99 | 7.79 | 12.11 | 6.81 | 0.499 |
SPGP16 | 3.81 | 1.12 | 3.54 | 1.17 | 3.67 | 1.44 | 3.73 | 1.41 | 0.553 |
SPGP17 | 2.78 | 1.47 | 3.12 | 1.30 | 3.19 | 1.47 | 2.27 | 0.78 | 0.032 |
SPGP18 | 9.73 | 3.56 | 8.58 | 3.72 | 9.46 | 3.37 | 10.55 | 4.55 | 0.348 |
SPGP19 | 5.40 | 2.41 | 5.04 | 2.38 | 5.09 | 1.98 | 5.84 | 1.88 | 0.387 |
SPGP20 | 7.46 | 4.39 | 6.21 | 3.76 | 6.62 | 3.53 | 8.01 | 4.00 | 0.442 |
SPGP21 | 1.16 | 0.59 | 1.16 | 0.45 | 1.19 | 0.73 | 1.07 | 0.44 | 0.801 |
SPGP22 | 2.15 | 1.21 | 2.25 | 1.60 | 2.25 | 1.57 | 2.06 | 0.94 | 0.950 |
SPGP23 | 3.65 | 1.91 | 4.13 | 2.22 | 3.01 | 1.59 | 3.17 | 1.93 | 0.071 |
SPGP24 | 2.11 | 1.86 | 2.21 | 1.74 | 2.20 | 1.52 | 2.14 | 2.01 | 0.770 |
SPGP25 | 1.43 | 0.96 | 1.39 | 0.84 | 1.31 | 0.91 | 1.23 | 0.75 | 0.632 |
SPGP26 | 1.19 | 0.77 | 1.51 | 0.76 | 1.70 | 1.66 | 1.09 | 0.54 | 0.012 |
SPGP27 | 1.38 | 0.61 | 1.55 | 0.70 | 1.55 | 0.64 | 1.65 | 0.60 | 0.086 |
SPGP28 | 1.74 | 0.71 | 1.58 | 0.71 | 1.98 | 0.93 | 1.86 | 0.90 | 0.478 |
SPGP29 | 2.40 | 1.05 | 2.66 | 1.50 | 2.36 | 1.05 | 2.40 | 0.79 | 0.974 |
SPGP30 | 1.12 | 0.83 | 1.01 | 0.49 | 0.97 | 0.51 | 1.00 | 0.63 | 0.609 |
SPGP31 | 2.89 | 1.74 | 2.39 | 1.37 | 2.74 | 1.21 | 3.00 | 2.34 | 0.436 |
SPGP32 | 1.23 | 0.52 | 1.38 | 0.69 | 1.07 | 0.46 | 1.09 | 0.72 | 0.035 |
SPGP33 | 0.74 | 0.49 | 0.77 | 0.47 | 0.67 | 0.41 | 0.70 | 0.50 | 0.887 |
SPGP34 | 0.77 | 0.37 | 0.82 | 0.41 | 1.02 | 0.64 | 0.77 | 0.51 | 0.420 |
SPGP35 | 0.49 | 0.30 | 0.42 | 0.26 | 0.49 | 0.18 | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0.314 |
SPGP36 | 0.85 | 0.72 | 0.84 | 0.45 | 0.88 | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.44 | 0.748 |
SPGP37 | 1.00 | 0.53 | 0.94 | 0.46 | 0.88 | 0.44 | 0.89 | 0.41 | 0.712 |
Seminal Plasma Glycan Peak (SPGP) | Change (%) in the Mean Relative Area of N-Glycans | ||
---|---|---|---|
A | O | OA | |
SPGP2 | −14% (0.079) | +8% (0.399) | −22% (0.008) |
SPGP4 | −2% (0.818) | +11% (0.258) | −22% (0.003) |
SPGP6 | −8% (0.406) | −18% (0.105) | −30% (0.002) |
SPGP14 * | −5% (0.409) | −19% (0.004) | −26% (<0.001) |
SPGP18 | −7% (0.433) | +3% (0.769) | +29% (0.012) |
SPGP26 | +33% (0.009) | +28% (0.043) | 0% (0.978) |
SPGP35 | −25% (0.035) | +10% (0.524) | −27% (0.033) |
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Maric, T.; Katusic Bojanac, A.; Matijevic, A.; Ceppi, M.; Bruzzone, M.; Evgeni, E.; Petrovic, T.; Wójcik, I.; Trbojevic-Akmacic, I.; Lauc, G.; et al. Seminal Plasma Protein N-Glycan Peaks Are Potential Predictors of Semen Pathology and Sperm Chromatin Maturity in Men. Life 2021, 11, 989. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11090989
Maric T, Katusic Bojanac A, Matijevic A, Ceppi M, Bruzzone M, Evgeni E, Petrovic T, Wójcik I, Trbojevic-Akmacic I, Lauc G, et al. Seminal Plasma Protein N-Glycan Peaks Are Potential Predictors of Semen Pathology and Sperm Chromatin Maturity in Men. Life. 2021; 11(9):989. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11090989
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaric, Tihana, Ana Katusic Bojanac, Ana Matijevic, Marcello Ceppi, Marco Bruzzone, Evangelini Evgeni, Tea Petrovic, Iwona Wójcik, Irena Trbojevic-Akmacic, Gordan Lauc, and et al. 2021. "Seminal Plasma Protein N-Glycan Peaks Are Potential Predictors of Semen Pathology and Sperm Chromatin Maturity in Men" Life 11, no. 9: 989. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11090989