Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms to Mitigate Abiotic Stress Conditions in Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Abiotic Stresses and Crop Plants
2.1. Salt Stress
2.2. Drought Stress
2.3. Cold Stress
2.4. Heat Stress
2.5. Heavy Metals Stress
3. Sensing and Responding Mechanisms of Plants during Abiotic Stress Conditions
3.1. Gene Regulation at the Transcriptional Level
3.2. Gene Regulation at Posttranscriptional Level
3.3. Gene Regulation at the Posttranslational Level
4. Crucial Signal Transduction Mechanism for Abiotic Stress
4.1. Oxidative or Osmotic Stress Signaling in Plants
4.2. Ca2+-Dependent Activation of LEA Genes
4.3. Calcium Ion-Dependent SOS Signaling
5. Functions of the Microbiome in Abiotic Stress Management
5.1. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
Type of Microbes | Abiotic Stress Type | Plant and Tolerance Mechanism | References |
---|---|---|---|
Pseudomonas putida P45 | Drought | Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) showed EPS production and enhanced soil aggregation | [141] |
Pseudomonas | Drought | Pea (Pisum sativum) plants reduced the production of ethylene | [142] |
Azospirillium sp. | Drought | Wheat (Triticum aestivum) has better water relations | [143] |
AM fungi | Drought and salinity | Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) showed better water relations | [144] |
Scytonema | Coastal salinity | Rice (Oryza sativa) with extracellular products and gibberellic acid | [145] |
Burkholderia phytofirmans | Cold | Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) with ACC-deaminase synthesis | [146] |
Burkholderia sp. and Methylobacterium oryzae | Cd and Ni toxicity | Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) with lower uptake along with translocation of heavy metals | [147] |
Pseudomonas fluorescences | Salinity | Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) with ACC-deaminase synthesis | [148] |
Rhizobium tropici; P. polymyxa | Drought | Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) with change in hormonal composition and stomatal conductance | [149] |
Glomus intraradices and Pseudomonas mendocina | Drought | Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) has antioxidant status improved | [150] |
Pseudomonas strain AMK-P6 | Heat | Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) with better biochemical status due to activation of heat shock proteins | [151] |
Glomus sp. and Bacillus megaterium | Drought | Trifolium (Trifolium repens) with proline and IAA production | [152] |
Paraphaeosphaeria quadriseptata | Drought | Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has HSP-heat shock protein induction | [153] |
Bacillus subtilis | Salinity | Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has reduced root Na+ import by reduced transcriptional expression of AtHTK1 (a high-affinity KC transporter) genes | [153] |
Pseudomonas putida | Salinity | Cotton (Gossypium hirusutum) stopped the salinity-associated accumulation of ABA in seedlings | [154] |
Glomus etunicatum and Glomus clarum | Salinity | Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Chilli (Capsicum annum) and mung bean (Vigna radiata) have increased KC concentration in root and reduced NaC in shoots and root | [155] |
PGPRs | Heat | Clover (Trifolium repens) plants with greater nitrogen fixation | [156] |
Bacillus licheformis | Drought | Capsicum annum with expression and activation of stress-related proteins and genes | [157] |
Bacillus thuringiensis | Drought | Wheat (Triticum aestivum) showed the organic compound production | [158] |
Pantoea dispersa and Azospirillium brailense | Salinity | Capsicum annuum has an increase in photosynthesis rates well as stomatal conductance | [159] |
Burkholderia phytofirmans and Enterobacter sp. | Drought | Maize (Zea mays) showed an increased rate of shoot and root biomass | [160] |
Pseudomonas koreensis strain | Salinity | Soyabean (Glycine max) has increase KC level and decreased Na+ level | [161] |
Enterobacter intermedius | Zn toxicity | White mustard (Sinapis alba) with ACC deaminase, IAA IAA, hydrocyanic acid, and solubilization of phosphate | [162] |
Serratia sp. and Bacillus cereus | Drought | Cucumber (Cucumis sativa) showed the production of genes responsible for the synthesis of proline, an antioxidant enzyme, and monodehydroascorbate | [163] Wang et al.; 2012 |
Photobacterium spp. | Mercury toxicity | Common reed (Phragmites australis) showed activity of IAA and mercury reductase | [164] |
Rhizobium leguminosarum and Pseudominas brassicacerum | Zinc toxicity | Mustard (Brassica juncea) with metal chelating molecules | [165] |
Rhizobium | Salinity | Asian rice (Oryza sativa) with RAB 18 salt stress-associated gene expression | [166] |
PB 50 strain of B. megaterium | Drought | Rice (Oryza sativa) showed better plant growth under osmotic stress, plants protected via stomatal closure with enhanced soluble sugar, carotenoid content and protein content | [167] |
Bacillus albus and Bacillus cereus | Drought | Maize (Zea mays) seeds have a higher germination rate and increased seedling length with reduced toxic effects | [168] |
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophics (Pal5) | Drought | Rice (Oryza sativa L.) shows gor, P5CR, BADH and cat genes expression with increase glycine betaine and proline content | [169] |
Penicillium sp. and Calcoaceticus | Drought | Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) with increased glycine betaine and proline content, sugars and chlorophyll a and b with the decrease in lipid oxidation | [170] |
Streptomyces pactum and actinomyces | Drought | Wheat (T. aestivum) reduces stress via an enhancement in sugar levels and antioxidant enzymes | [171] |
B. amyloliquefaciens; Pseudomonas putida | Drought | Chick pea (Cicer arietinum) with better photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, biomass and osmolyte content | [172] |
PGPR consortium | Salinit | Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) with available iron content in the soil increased | [173,174] |
B. gladioli; P. aeruginosa | Cd toxicity | Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) with higher expression of metal transporter genes | [175] |
Mesorhizobium; Rhizobium | Salinity | Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) with enhanced nitrogen fixation | [176] |
Bacillus megaterium | Osmotic | Maize (Zea mays) with higher expression of 2 ZmPIP isoforms in roots | [177] |
5.2. Actinomycetes
5.3. PGPR/Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria
6. Nanoparticles’ Application in Combating Abiotic Stress in Plants
7. Conclusions
8. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abiotic Stress Type | Mechanism and Key Parameters Studied | Plants/Crops | References |
---|---|---|---|
Cold stress | The CBF (C repeat binding factor) transcriptional cascade, CBF expression and CBF-independent regulons mediate the transcriptional regulation and pre-mRNA processing, export, and degradation involved in post-regulatory mechanisms | Arabidopsis | [18] |
Low-temperature stress | Alter hormonal expression | [19] | |
Heat and drought stress | Enhancing the accumulation of carbohydrates | [20] | |
Heat stress | Autophagy plays a vital role in cellular homeostasis, metabolism, and other processes | [21] | |
Heat stress | ceRNA networks are mediated by the differentially expressed circRNA, by the influence of various important genes, and participate in response to hydrogen peroxide, heat stress, and phytochrome signaling pathway | [22] | |
Water stress | Lipid peroxidation decreases with scavenging reactive oxygen species and higher excitation energy dissolution due to photochemical quenching with reduced excitation pressure | [23] | |
Drought stress | The physiological activities and antioxidant protective systems modulate CarMT gene overexpression | [24] | |
Drought stress | H2S endogenous production rate increases and a noteworthy transcriptional reorganization of pertinent miRNAs | [25] | |
Drought stress | A transmembrane potassium ions efflux as well as calcium and chloride ions influxes are induced due to endogenous hydrogen sulfides | [26] | |
Cold and drought stress | Dehydrins concentrated in roots and stems | Blueberry | [27] |
Heat stress | Lower accumulation of H2O2 and damage to cells | Strawberry | [28,29] |
Salinity stress | Plant response is positively regulated due to OsH1RP1-ring finger protein 1 | Maize | [30] |
Cold stress | Changes in DNA methylation | Rice | [31] |
Heat stress | Lipid peroxidation as well as antioxidant enzymes in roots and leaves | [32] | |
Drought stress | E3-ubiquitin breakdown | [16,33] | |
Heat stress | Candidate genes as well as quantitative trait loci | [34] | |
Cold stress | Linear electron transport chain is downregulated and PSII is repressed, as represented by the lowering in the PSII photochemistry efficiency along with electron transport efficiency | Hibiscus | [35] |
Water deficit and heat stress | Contribution of ferredoxin-mediated cyclic pathway and chlororespiration | [36] | |
Salinity stress | Simultaneous expression of variable expressed genes | [37] | |
Cold stress | Enhances epidermal cell density, stomatal density and index, width of xylem vessel and phloem tissue and sclerenchyma | Candyleaf | [38] |
Salt stress | Accumulation of biomass, ions concentration in tissue and steviolglycosides | [39] | |
Drought stress | The use of steviol glycosides enhances the harvest index | [40] | |
Salinity and drought stress | Sodium chloride serves as an activator, and mannitol works for the downregulation of genes involved in the steviol glycosides synthesis pathways that alter the steviol glycosides production | [41] | |
Cold stress | Photosynthetic electron transport chain protection by the sub-cellular antioxidant system | Wheat | [42] |
Heat and drought stress | Signaling of phytohormone and epigenetic control | [43,44] | |
Salinity stress | Maintenance of osmoprotectants, photosynthetic activity and sodium/potassium ions ratio | [45,46] | |
Cold stress | WRKY gene expression | Grapevine | [47] |
Heat stress | HSPs genes, along with antioxidant enzyme expression | Tomato | [48] |
Salinity stress | Reduced the accumulation of different ions such as sodium, magnesium, and zinc in leaves and roots | Commonbean | [49] |
Drought stress | Enhances plant metabolism with water relation parameters, antioxidant enzyme water relation parameters, activities of antioxidant enzymes and yield per plant increases | Lemon grass | [50,51] |
Salinity stress | Antioxidants in leaves and lipid peroxidation | Tomato | [52] |
Salinity stress | Biomass production as well as stomatal conductance | [53] | |
Drought stress | Sugar and amino acid content accumulation | Alfalfa | [54] |
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Saharan, B.S.; Brar, B.; Duhan, J.S.; Kumar, R.; Marwaha, S.; Rajput, V.D.; Minkina, T. Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms to Mitigate Abiotic Stress Conditions in Plants. Life 2022, 12, 1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101634
Saharan BS, Brar B, Duhan JS, Kumar R, Marwaha S, Rajput VD, Minkina T. Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms to Mitigate Abiotic Stress Conditions in Plants. Life. 2022; 12(10):1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101634
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaharan, Baljeet Singh, Basanti Brar, Joginder Singh Duhan, Ravinder Kumar, Sumnil Marwaha, Vishnu D. Rajput, and Tatiana Minkina. 2022. "Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms to Mitigate Abiotic Stress Conditions in Plants" Life 12, no. 10: 1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101634