Increased Levels of Beta-Endorphin and Noradrenaline after a Brief High-Impact Multidimensional Rehabilitation Program in Multiple Sclerosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Participant Enrollment
2.2. Procedure of the Study
- (a).
- Neuromotor rehabilitation.
- (b).
- Recommended diet based on the Mediterranean diet principles: fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grain products, legumes, nuts and seeds, fish, eggs, and a small amount of poultry and dairy products. Red meat, processed meat, and alcoholic and sweet drinks are excluded.
- (c).
- Sailing course designed to accommodate disabled sailors.
- (d).
- Mindfulness with participation extended to all staff members.
2.3. Assessment of Clinical and Qualitative Variables
- (a).
- SF-36 Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaire (HRQoL), a measure for the Health-Related Quality of Life;
- (b).
- Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), a self-assessment scale for detecting states of depression and anxiety;
- (c).
- The Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOSS), a scale evaluating sleep disturbance and sleep adequacy, with a sleep problems index;
- (d).
- Epworth Sleepiness Scale, a scale for measuring daytime sleepiness;
- (e).
- International Restless Legs Syndrome Scale (IRLSS), a scale evaluating restless leg syndrome severity.
2.4. Blood Sample Collection
2.4.1. Cortisol Detection
2.4.2. β-Endorphin Detection
2.4.3. Serotonin Detection
2.4.4. Catecholamine Detection
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Results of Demographic Characteristics and Clinical Variables
3.2. HPA Axis Factors
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
QoL | Quality of life |
HPA | Hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis |
PwMS | Patients with MS |
b-HIPE | Brief high impact multidimensional rehabilitation program |
MS | Multiple sclerosis |
HRQoL | Health-Related Quality of Life questionnaire |
HADS | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale |
MOSS | The Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale |
IRLSS | International Restless Legs Syndrome Scale |
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Demographic Characteristics of pwMS | |
---|---|
N | 15 |
Sex(M/F) | 8/7 |
Age(years) [average ± SD (min–max)] | 49.13 ± 8.52 (36–69) |
MS course(RR/SP) | 10/5 |
Disease duration(years) [average ± SD (min–max)] | 19.38 ± 5.05 (7–28) |
EDSS score[average ± SD (min–max)] | 5.4 ± 1.66 (2–8) |
Variable | Time | Mean ± SD | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
MOSS * | T0 | 25.1 ± 14.2 | 0.023 |
T1 | 15.0 ± 8.8 | ||
ESS * | T0 | 6.73 ± 3.97 | 0.018 |
T1 | 3.93 ± 3.26 | ||
IRLSS * | T0 | 13.8 ± 9.59 | 0.080 |
T1 | 10.7 ± 7.15 | ||
HADS anxiety * | T0 | 4.07 ± 4.20 | 0.014 |
T1 | 2.67 ± 3.81 | ||
HADS depression * | T0 | 4.40 ± 4.53 | 0.408 |
T1 | 3.40 ± 4.07 | ||
SF-36 physical functioning # | T0 | 463 ± 303 | 0.063 |
T1 | 560 ± 345 | ||
SF-36 role limitation due to physical health # | T0 | 163 ± 142 | 0.004 |
T1 | 333 ± 129 | ||
SF-36 role limitation due to emotional problems # | T0 | 180 ± 126 | 0.013 |
T1 | 287 ± 35.2 | ||
SF-36 energy/fatigue # | T0 | 208 ± 53.3 | 0.002 |
T1 | 300 ± 66.3 | ||
SF-36 emotional wellbeing # | T0 | 340 ± 99.1 | 0.003 |
T1 | 439 ± 76.1 | ||
SF-36 social functioning # | T0 | 116 ± 47.8 | 0.004 |
T1 | 153 ± 44.2 | ||
SF-36 pain # | T0 | 146 ± 49.0 | 0.004 |
T1 | 185 ± 32.3 | ||
SF-36 general health # | T0 | 250 ± 106 | 0.064 |
T1 | 305 ± 125 |
HPA Axis Factors (pg/mL) | Median | Interquartile Range | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
β-Endorphins T0 | 113.4 | 45.2–158.3 | p = 0.02 |
β-Endorphins T1 | 142.0 | 113.2–208.3 | |
Adrenaline T0 | 402.0 | 336,750–432.0 | n.s. |
Adrenaline T1 | 392.0 | 376,750–411.3 | |
Dopamine T0 | 21,522.0 | 18,208.0–24,376.0 | n.s. |
Dopamine T1 | 21,588.0 | 20,308.0–23,047.8 | |
Noradrenaline T0 | 560.0 | 493.8–617.5 | p = 0.02 |
Noradrenaline T1 | 606.0 | 581.5–656.0 | |
Cortisol T0 | 165.3 | 140.3–202.7 | n.s. |
Cortisol T1 | 180.6 | 114.2–188.8 | |
Serotonin T0 | 162.5 | 76.6–406.3 | n.s. |
Serotonin T1 | 104.0 | 69.2–441.3 |
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d’Arma, A.; Saresella, M.; Rossi, V.; Marventano, I.; Piancone, F.; La Rosa, F.; Clerici, M.; Mendozzi, L. Increased Levels of Beta-Endorphin and Noradrenaline after a Brief High-Impact Multidimensional Rehabilitation Program in Multiple Sclerosis. Life 2022, 12, 755. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12050755
d’Arma A, Saresella M, Rossi V, Marventano I, Piancone F, La Rosa F, Clerici M, Mendozzi L. Increased Levels of Beta-Endorphin and Noradrenaline after a Brief High-Impact Multidimensional Rehabilitation Program in Multiple Sclerosis. Life. 2022; 12(5):755. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12050755
Chicago/Turabian Styled’Arma, Alessia, Marina Saresella, Valentina Rossi, Ivana Marventano, Federica Piancone, Francesca La Rosa, Mario Clerici, and Laura Mendozzi. 2022. "Increased Levels of Beta-Endorphin and Noradrenaline after a Brief High-Impact Multidimensional Rehabilitation Program in Multiple Sclerosis" Life 12, no. 5: 755. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12050755