Phloretin in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer: A Contemporary Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Phloretin, BPH, and PCa
2.1. Immune Microenvironment in BPH
2.2. Immune Microenvironment in PCa
2.3. Phloretin and the Current Medical Options for BPH
2.4. The Current Medical Options for PCa
3. Perspective of Future Studies of Phloretin in Treating BPH and PCa
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Origins | Leaves of apple trees |
Category | Flavonoid; dihydrochalcones |
Chemical structure | 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanone |
Antioxidant activity | BDE (tested with B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p) basis set in water): 79.36 kcal/mol The least value of IPs (tested with B3LYP/6-311 + G(d,p) basis set in water): 139.48 kcal/mol |
General biological activities in the published literature | Anti-inflammatory ability; anti-oxidative ability; pro-apoptotic ability; anti-proliferative ability |
PC3 | DU145 | LNCaP | |
---|---|---|---|
Cells’ viability (in MTT assay) | Decreased ↓ [13] | Decreased ↓ [13] | Decreased ↓ [13] |
Cells’ viability (in CCK8 assay) | Decreased ↓ [13] | Decreased ↓ [13] | Decreased ↓ [13] |
Cells’ proliferation (in Hoechst assay) | Decreased ↓ [15] | - | Decreased ↓ [15] |
Biomarkers for cells’ proliferation | VEGF ↓ [13]; CCND1 ↓ [13]; CCNB1 ↓ [13] | - | VEGF ↓ [13]; CCND1 ↓ [13]; CCNB1 ↓ [13]; |
Reactive oxygen species | Increased [12] | Increased [12] | - |
Oxidative stress | Increased [12] | Increased [12] | - |
Biomarkers of antioxidant enzymes | Catalase ↓ [12]; SOD2 ↓ [12]; GPx1 ↓ [12]; GPx3 ↓ [12] | Catalase ↓ [12]; SOD2 ↓ [12]; GPx1 ↓ [12]; GPx3 ↓ [12] | - |
Biomarkers of wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway | β-catenin ↓ [12]; TCF4 ↓ [12]; FoxA2 ↓ [12]; c-Myc ↓ [12] | β-catenin ↓ [12]; TCF4 ↓ [12]; FoxA2 ↓ [12]; c-Myc ↓ [12] | - |
Biomarkers of extrinsic apoptosis | Caspase3/8 ↑ [13]; PARP-1 ↑ [13] | - | TRAIL ↑ [14]; Caspase3/8 ↑ [13]; PARP-1 ↑ [13] |
Biomarkers of intrinsic apoptosis | Caspase3/9 ↑ [13]; Bax ↑ [13]; Bcl2 ↓ [13]; XIAP ↓ [13]; Survivin ↓ [13]; | - | Caspase3/9 ↑ [13]; Bax ↑ [13]; Bcl2 ↓ [13]; XIAP ↓ [13]; Survivin ↓ [13]; |
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Yang, C.-H.; Ou, Y.-C.; Lin, C.-C.; Lin, Y.-S.; Tung, M.-C.; Yu, C.-C.; Lin, J.-T.; Wen, C.-Y. Phloretin in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer: A Contemporary Systematic Review. Life 2022, 12, 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12071029
Yang C-H, Ou Y-C, Lin C-C, Lin Y-S, Tung M-C, Yu C-C, Lin J-T, Wen C-Y. Phloretin in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer: A Contemporary Systematic Review. Life. 2022; 12(7):1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12071029
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Che-Hsueh, Yen-Chuan Ou, Chi-Chien Lin, Yi-Sheng Lin, Min-Che Tung, Chia-Cheng Yu, Jen-Tai Lin, and Chen-Yueh Wen. 2022. "Phloretin in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer: A Contemporary Systematic Review" Life 12, no. 7: 1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12071029