Chemical Composition and Toxicity of PM10 and PM0.1 Samples near Open-Pit Mines and Coal Power Stations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection and Extraction of PM
2.2. Physical and Chemical Analysis of the Melting Snow and Particulate Matter Samples
2.3. XRD and XRF Analysis of Solid Particle Material Samples
2.4. Cell Cultivation and PM Exposure
2.5. Viability Assessment and Micronucleus Test
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physicochemistry Properties of the Melting Snow and Particulate Matter Samples
3.2. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
3.3. Viability Assessment and Micronucleus Test
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PM Collecting Point | Coordinates | Symbol |
---|---|---|
Near v. Krasnoe | N 54°49.976′ E 85°30.363′ | C |
Open-pit mine “Bachatskiy” | N 54°21.454′ E 86°07.030′ | B |
Open-pit mine “Novobachatskiy” | N 54°14.774′ E 86°23.112′ | N |
Coal-fired power plant “Belovskaya” | N 54°27.165′ E 86°26.880′ | P |
Open-pit mine “Permyakovsky” | N 54°23.802′ E 86°53.972′ | K |
Sample | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | B | N | K | P | ||
XRD, Raman spectroscopy | PM10 | Quartz (SiO2) (very weak) | Quartz (SiO2) Calcite (CaCO3) Carbon | NaCl Quartz (SiO2) Calcite (CaCO3) Carbon | Quartz (SiO2) NaCl Carbon | Quartz (SiO2) Calcite (CaCO3) Carbon |
PM0.1 | Gypsum CaSO4·2H₂O | Calcite (CaCO3) | Calcite (CaCO3) NaCl, KCl | Calcite (CaCO3)NaCl | Calcite (CaCO3) KCl | |
XRF | Joint | K, Ca, Si, S, Cl, Ti | ||||
PM10 | Cr | Ti, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pt | Cu (weak) | Ti, Cr | Ti, Cr, Cu (weak) | |
PM0.1 | Sr (weak), Cu, Zn, Hf | Al, Sr, Mn | Al, Sr, Cu (weak) | Zr | Cu (weak), Rn |
No | PAH | B | P | C | N | K | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C, mkg/L | ±δ, % | C, mkg/L | ±δ, % | C, mkg/L | ±δ, % | C, mkg/L | ±δ, % | C, mkg/L | ±δ, % | ||
1 | Anthracene | 0.16 ± 0.07 | 43 | 0.14 ± 0.06 | 43 | 0.12 ± 0.05 | 43 | 0.32 ± 0.14 | 43 | 0.14 ± 0.06 | 43 |
2 | Benz[a]anthracene | 9.40 ± 2.73 | 29 | 5.50 ± 1.60 | 29 | 3.80 ± 1.67 | 44 | 1.20 ± 0.53 | 44 | - | - |
3 | Benz[a]pyrene | 0.36 ± 0.15 | 43 | 0.49 ± 0.21 | 43 | 0.23 ± 0.10 | 43 | - | - | - | - |
4 | Benz[b]fluoranthene | 5.10 ± 1.53 | 30 | 2.65 ± 1.17 | 44 | 1.90 ± 0.84 | 44 | 0.22 ± 0.10 | 44 | - | - |
5 | Benz[k]fluoranthene | 3.65 ± 0.91 | 25 | 2.60 ± 0.65 | 25 | 1.75 ± 0.44 | 25 | - | - | - | - |
6 | Biphenyl | 1.34 ± 0.58 | 43 | 0.80 ± 0.34 | 43 | 0.62 ± 0.27 | 43 | 0.24 ± 0.10 | 43 | 0.42 ± 0.18 | 43 |
7 | Dibenz[a, h]anthracene | 17.28 ± 7.08 | 41 | 6.05 ± 2.48 | 41 | 10.12 ± 4.15 | 41 | 1.80 ± 0.74 | 41 | - | - |
8 | Pyrene | 9.98 ± 2.70 | 27 | 6.29 ± 1.70 | 27 | 4.86 ± 1.99 | 41 | - | - | 0.96 ± 0.39 | 41 |
9 | Phenanthrene | 20.37 ± 5.70 | 28 | 1.31 ± 0.54 | 41 | 1.31 ± 0.54 | 41 | 0.18 ± 0.07 | 41 | - | - |
10 | Fluorantin | 2.56 ± 1.15 | 45 | 1.77 ± 0.80 | 45 | 1.63 ± 0.73 | 45 | 1.22 ± 0.55 | 45 | - | - |
11 | Fluoren | - | - | - | - | 0.51 ± 0.21 | 42 | 0.27 ± 0.11 | 42 | 0.50 ± 0.21 | 42 |
12 | Chrysen | 2.63 ± 1.18 | 45 | 1.57 ± 0.71 | 45 | 1.10 ± 0.50 | 45 | 0.13 ± 0.06 | 45 | - | - |
13 | 2-methylnaphthalene | - | - | - | - | 1.90 ± 0.78 | 41 | 1.32 ± 0.54 | 41 | 1.67 ± 0.68 | 41 |
14 | Acenaften | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.63 ± 1.13 | 43 |
15 | Benz[g, h, i]perylene | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.00 ± 0.88 | 44 |
16 | Naphthalene All | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
All | 72.83 | 29.17 | 29.85 | 6.9 | 8.32 |
Sample | RICC | Survival Rate, % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative control | 100 | 88.75 ± 3.24 | |||
Dilution control | 87.9 ± 6.76 | 87.80 ± 5.63 | |||
Positive control (1 mg/mL) | 26.67 ± 24.55 | 70.9 ± 6.97 | |||
Sample | Concentration, mg/mL | PM10 | PM0.1 | ||
RICC | Survival rate, % | RICC | Survival rate, % | ||
C | 1 | 23 ± 6.81 | 85.33 ± 6.59 | 30.67 ± 25.66 | 76 ± 7.35 |
0.5 | 34.17 ± 6.46 | 83.17 ± 4.99 | 54.83 ± 24.24 | 80.17 ± 5.74 | |
0.25 | 47.17 ± 27.08 | 86.00 ± 6.1 | 48.16 ± 32.42 | 84.67 ± 6.92 | |
B | 1 | 32.42 ± 21.16 | 80 ± 9.94 | 7.41 ± 10.64 * | 75 ± 7.12 |
0.5 | 32.17 ± 12.37 | 84.83 ± 4.07 | 26.39 ± 13.28 | 84 ± 6.74 | |
0.25 | 34.2 ± 3.27 | 84 ± 7.48 | 44.98 ± 38.91 | 86 ± 3.9 | |
N | 1 | 40.33 ± 3.05 | 85 ± 5 | 22.83 ± 2.4 | 75.17 ± 5.78 |
0.5 | 37 ± 16.09 | 86.33 ± 1.15 | 31.28 ± 3.59 | 84.57 ± 2.99 | |
0.25 | 56 ± 9.54 | 87.33 ± 3.78 | 39.57 ± 6.5 | 84.57 ± 2.44 | |
K | 1 | 51.4 ± 12.03 * | 84.8 ± 3.49 | 29.43 ± 9.95 * | 79.14 ± 10.11 |
0.5 | 63.4 ± 14.43 | 89.6 ± 2.88 | 41.43 ± 8.69 | 78.71 ± 5.76 | |
0.25 | 75 ± 16.67 | 86.8 ± 4.6 | 49.71 ± 13.08 | 81.28 ± 4.07 | |
P | 1 | 42.83 ± 12.16 | 78.92 ± 3.96 | 32.83 ± 2.23 | 75.5 ± 9.65 |
0.5 | 55.73 ± 26.54 | 84.64 ± 6.39 | 52.14 ± 19.85 | 81.28 ± 5.82 | |
0.25 | 55.58 ± 32.3 | 87.17 ± 4.49 | 50.67 ± 20.59 | 83.83 ± 3.82 |
Sample | Micronuclei, ‰ | Nuclear Protrusion, ‰ | Nucleoplasmic Bridge, ‰ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative control | 27.87 ± 13.73 | 15.37 ± 9.44 | 2.87 ± 3.04 | |||
Dilution control | 28.8 ± 8.43 | 15.7 ± 7.41 | 4.9 ± 4.07 | |||
Positive control (1 mg/mL) | 147.4 ± 76.1 | 113.2 ± 60.71 | 24.1 ± 12.40 | |||
PM10 | PM0.1 | PM10 | PM0.1 | PM10 | PM0.1 | |
C | 26.05 ± 14.09 | 65.17 ± 31.49 | 20.11 ± 15.01 | 42.87 ± 19.22 | 4.83 ± 4.02 | 13.39 ± 10.72 |
B | 48.29 ± 31.55 | 96.52 ± 40.06 | 34.97 ± 31.1 | 58.18 ± 46.77 | 10.47 ± 9.24 | 20.89 ± 11.41 |
N | 71.17 ± 28.99 | 68.72 ± 43.74 | 78.89 ± 21.17 | 71.57 ± 43.09 | 17.89 ± 9.65 | 21.82 ± 8.87 |
K | 48.77 ± 22.76 | 53.83 ± 35.4 | 51.60 ± 25.4 | 67.93 ± 36.72 | 17.15 ± 9.96 | 22.51 ± 17.15 |
P | 39.34 ± 24.08 | 76.13 ± 24.81 | 44.34 ± 24.37 | 62.34 ± 17.56 | 12.94 ± 8.11 | 22.58 ± 15.81 |
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Larionov, A.; Volobaev, V.; Zverev, A.; Vdovina, E.; Bach, S.; Schetnikova, E.; Leshukov, T.; Legoshchin, K.; Eremeeva, G. Chemical Composition and Toxicity of PM10 and PM0.1 Samples near Open-Pit Mines and Coal Power Stations. Life 2022, 12, 1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12071047
Larionov A, Volobaev V, Zverev A, Vdovina E, Bach S, Schetnikova E, Leshukov T, Legoshchin K, Eremeeva G. Chemical Composition and Toxicity of PM10 and PM0.1 Samples near Open-Pit Mines and Coal Power Stations. Life. 2022; 12(7):1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12071047
Chicago/Turabian StyleLarionov, Aleksey, Valentin Volobaev, Anton Zverev, Evgeniya Vdovina, Sebastian Bach, Ekaterina Schetnikova, Timofey Leshukov, Konstantin Legoshchin, and Galina Eremeeva. 2022. "Chemical Composition and Toxicity of PM10 and PM0.1 Samples near Open-Pit Mines and Coal Power Stations" Life 12, no. 7: 1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12071047