Is the 4C Score Still a Valid Item to Predict In-Hospital Mortality in People with SARS-CoV-2 Infections in the Omicron Variant Era?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Outcome
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total (n = 1186) | Survived (n = 1026) | Died (n = 160) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males, n (%) | 644 (54.3) | 545 (53.1) | 99 (61.9) | 0.04 | ||
Median (IQR) age, years | 74 (62–83) | 73 (60–83) | 81.5 (70–88) | <0.0001 | ||
Median (IQR) 4C score | 10 (6–12) | 9 (6–12) | 13 (11–16) | <0.0001 | ||
4C risk groups | Low (0–3) | 137 (11.6) | 136 (13.3) | 1 (0.6) | <0.0001 | |
Intermediate (4–8) | 302 (25.5) | 289 (28.2) | 13 (8.1) | |||
High (9–14) | 596 (50.3) | 513 (50.0) | 83 (51.9) | |||
Very high (≥ 15) | 151 (12.7) | 88 (8.6) | 63 (39.4) | |||
Respiratory rate | < 20 | 788 (66.4) | 723 (70.5) | 65 (40.6) | <0.0001 | |
20–29 | 296 (25.0) | 241 (23.5) | 55 (34.4) | |||
≥ 30 | 102 (8.6) | 62 (6.0) | 102 (8.6) | |||
Glasgow Coma Scale < 15 | 219 (18.5) | 156 (15.2) | 63 (39.4) | <0.0001 | ||
Peripheral oxygen < 92% | 218 (18.4) | 155 (15.1) | 63 (39.4) | <0.0001 | ||
BMI > 30 kg/m2, n (%) | 291 (24.5) | 251 (24.5) | 40 (25.0) | 0.88 | ||
Chronic renal disease, n (%) | 195 (16.4) | 155 (15.1) | 40 (25.0) | 0.002 | ||
Rheumatological disease, n (%) | 63 (5.3) | 60 (5.9) | 3 (1.9) | 0.04 | ||
Decompensated diabetes, n (%) | 180 (15.2) | 149 (14.5) | 31 (19.4) | 0.11 | ||
Diabetes, n (%) | 264 (22.3) | 224 (21.8) | 40 (25.0) | 0.37 | ||
Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 67 (5.7) | 54 (5.3) | 13 (8.1) | 0.14 | ||
COPD/emphysema, n (%) | 237 (20.0) | 193 (18.8) | 44 (27.5) | 0.01 | ||
Hemoglobinopathies, n (%) | 5 (0.4) | 5 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 | ||
Neurodevelopmental/neurodegenerative diseases, n (%) | 315 (26.6) | 251 (24.5) | 64 (40.0) | <0.0001 | ||
Dementia, n (%) | 177 (14.9) | 132 (12.9) | 45 (28.1) | <0.0001 | ||
Cerebrovascular events, n (%) | 133 (11.2) | 110 (10.7) | 23 (14.4) | 0.17 | ||
Oncological disease, n (%) | 209 (17.6) | 177 (17.3) | 32 (20.0) | 0.40 | ||
Hematological tumors, n (%) | 76 (6.4) | 59 (5.8) | 17 (10.6) | 0.02 | ||
Solid tumors in chemotherapy, n (%) | 33 (2.8) | 29 (2.8) | 4 (2.5) | 1.00 | ||
Hematological tumors in chemotherapy, n (%) | 55 (4.6) | 42 (4.1) | 13 (8.1) | 0.02 | ||
Cardiovascular diseases, n (%) | 452 (38.1) | 366 (35.7) | 86 (53.8) | <0.0001 | ||
Heart failure, n (%) | 403 (34.0) | 321 (31.4) | 82 (51.3) | <0.0001 | ||
Previous myocardial infarction, n (%) | 146 (12.3) | 126 (12.3) | 20 (12.5) | 0.94 | ||
Median (IQR) number of comorbidities | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 3 (2–4) | <0.0001 | ||
Vaccine, n (%) | 938 (79.1) | 826 (80.5) | 112 (70.0) | 0.002 | ||
N. Vaccine doses, n (%) | 0 | 248 (20.9) | 200 (19.5) | 48 (30.0) | 0.02 | |
1 | 32 (2.7) | 26 (2.5) | 6 (3.8) | |||
2 | 208 (17.5) | 179 (17.5) | 29 (18.1) | |||
3 | 676 (57.0) | 601 (58.6) | 75 (46.9) | |||
4 | 22 (1.9) | 20 (2.0) | 2 (1.3) | |||
Median (IQR) time, last dose | 128.5 (76–186) | 127 (76–181) | 151.5 (81–223.5) | 0.02 | ||
In-hospital infection, n (%) | 256 (21.6) | 211 (20.6) | 45 (28.1) | 0.03 | ||
Symptoms | ||||||
Fever, n (%) | 569 (48.0) | 486 (47.4) | 83 (51.9) | 0.29 | ||
Cough, n (%) | 455 (38.4) | 383 (37.3) | 72 (45.0) | 0.06 | ||
Pharyngodynia, n (%) | 160 (13.5) | 146 (14.2) | 14 (8.8) | 0.06 | ||
Asthenia, n (%) | 389 (32.8) | 330 (32.2) | 59 (36.9) | 0.24 | ||
Headache, n (%) | 136 (11.5) | 125 (12.2) | 11 (6.9) | 0.05 | ||
Myalgia, n (%) | 184 (15.5) | 160 (15.6) | 24 (15.0) | 0.85 | ||
Gastrointestinal symptoms, n (%) | 167 (14.1) | 149 (14.5) | 18 (11.3) | 0.27 | ||
Dyspnea, n (%) | 380 (32.0) | 292 (28.5) | 88 (55.0) | <0.0001 | ||
Anosmia, n (%) | 22 (1.9) | 19 (1.9) | 3 (1.9) | 1.00 | ||
CT findings | ||||||
GGO, n (%) | 451 (39.8) | 355 (36.4) | 96 (60.8) | <0.0001 | ||
Consolidation, n (%) | 275 (24.3) | 206 (21.1) | 69 (43.7) | <0.0001 | ||
Pulmonary embolism, n (%) | 25 (2.1) | 21 (2.1) | 4 (2.5) | 0.77 | ||
Laboratory examination | ||||||
Median (IQR) urea | 37 (28–60) | 35 (27–55) | 60.5 (36.5–110.0) | <0.0001 | ||
Median (IQR) CRP | 3 (1.3–7.7) | 2.5 (1.1–6.6) | 8.6 (3.8–16.0) | <0.0001 |
Criterion | SE | 95% CI | SP | 95% CI | +LR | 95% CI | –LR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≥ 0 | 100.00 | 97.7–100.0 | 0.00 | 0.0–0.4 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | - | - |
> 0 | 100.00 | 97.7–100.0 | 2.63 | 1.7–3.8 | 1.03 | 1.02–1.04 | 0.00 | - |
> 1 | 100.00 | 97.7–100.0 | 7.12 | 5.6–8.9 | 1.08 | 1.06–1.09 | 0.00 | - |
> 2 | 100.00 | 97.7–100.0 | 10.23 | 8.4–12.3 | 1.11 | 1.09–1.14 | 0.00 | - |
> 3 | 99.37 | 96.6–100.0 | 13.26 | 11.2–15.5 | 1.15 | 1.12–1.18 | 0.047 | 0.01–0.33 |
> 4 | 97.50 | 93.7–99.3 | 17.35 | 15.1–19.8 | 1.18 | 1.14–1.22 | 0.14 | 0.05–0.38 |
> 5 | 96.25 | 92.0–98.6 | 22.61 | 20.1–25.3 | 1.24 | 1.19–1.30 | 0.17 | 0.08–0.37 |
> 6 | 95.00 | 90.4–97.8 | 29.24 | 26.5–32.1 | 1.34 | 1.27–1.42 | 0.17 | 0.09–0.34 |
> 7 | 93.75 | 88.8–97.0 | 34.41 | 31.5–37.4 | 1.43 | 1.35–1.52 | 0.18 | 0.10–0.33 |
> 8 | 91.25 | 85.8–95.1 | 41.42 | 38.4–44.5 | 1.56 | 1.45–1.67 | 0.21 | 0.13–0.35 |
> 9 | 83.12 | 76.4–88.6 | 52.34 | 49.2–55.4 | 1.74 | 1.59–1.92 | 0.32 | 0.23–0.46 |
> 10 | 76.25 | 68.9–82.6 | 62.67 | 59.6–65.6 | 2.04 | 1.82–2.30 | 0.38 | 0.29–0.50 |
> 11 | 66.87 | 59.0–74.1 | 73.88 | 71.1–76.5 | 2.56 | 2.20–2.97 | 0.45 | 0.36–0.56 |
> 12 | 59.38 | 51.3–67.1 | 82.75 | 80.3–85.0 | 3.44 | 2.86–4.14 | 0.49 | 0.41–0.59 |
> 13 | 49.38 | 41.4–57.4 | 88.21 | 86.1–90.1 | 4.19 | 3.33–5.27 | 0.57 | 0.49–0.67 |
> 14 | 39.38 | 31.8–47.4 | 91.42 | 89.5–93.1 | 4.59 | 3.48–6.06 | 0.66 | 0.58–0.75 |
> 15 | 28.75 | 21.9–36.4 | 94.83 | 93.3–96.1 | 5.57 | 3.89–7.96 | 0.75 | 0.68–0.83 |
Low | Intermediate | High | Very High | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Early Antiviral Treatment | 1/29 (3.4) | 2/109 (1.8) | 16/177 (9.0) | 4/13 (30.8) |
No Antiviral Treatment | 0/108 (0.0) | 11/193 (5.7) | 67/419 (16.0) | 59/138 (42.7) |
Overall | 1/137 (0.7) | 13/302 (4.3) | 83/596 (13.9) | 63/151 (41.7) |
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De Vito, A.; Colpani, A.; Saderi, L.; Puci, M.; Zauli, B.; Meloni, M.C.; Fois, M.; Bitti, A.; Di Castri, C.; Fiore, V.; et al. Is the 4C Score Still a Valid Item to Predict In-Hospital Mortality in People with SARS-CoV-2 Infections in the Omicron Variant Era? Life 2023, 13, 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010183
De Vito A, Colpani A, Saderi L, Puci M, Zauli B, Meloni MC, Fois M, Bitti A, Di Castri C, Fiore V, et al. Is the 4C Score Still a Valid Item to Predict In-Hospital Mortality in People with SARS-CoV-2 Infections in the Omicron Variant Era? Life. 2023; 13(1):183. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010183
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Vito, Andrea, Agnese Colpani, Laura Saderi, Mariangela Puci, Beatrice Zauli, Maria Chiara Meloni, Marco Fois, Alessandra Bitti, Cosimo Di Castri, Vito Fiore, and et al. 2023. "Is the 4C Score Still a Valid Item to Predict In-Hospital Mortality in People with SARS-CoV-2 Infections in the Omicron Variant Era?" Life 13, no. 1: 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010183
APA StyleDe Vito, A., Colpani, A., Saderi, L., Puci, M., Zauli, B., Meloni, M. C., Fois, M., Bitti, A., Di Castri, C., Fiore, V., Maida, I., Babudieri, S., Sotgiu, G., & Madeddu, G. (2023). Is the 4C Score Still a Valid Item to Predict In-Hospital Mortality in People with SARS-CoV-2 Infections in the Omicron Variant Era? Life, 13(1), 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010183