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Review

Prostate Cancer Microvascular Routes: Exploration and Measurement Strategies

by
Fabio Grizzi
1,2,*,
Mohamed A. A. A. Hegazi
1,
Matteo Zanoni
3,
Paolo Vota
3,
Giovanni Toia
3,
Maria Chiara Clementi
3,
Cinzia Mazzieri
3,
Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
4 and
Gianluigi Taverna
2,3
1
Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
2
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
3
Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza, 21053 Varese, Italy
4
Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Life 2023, 13(10), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13102034
Submission received: 6 September 2023 / Revised: 5 October 2023 / Accepted: 7 October 2023 / Published: 9 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prostate Cancer: 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

Angiogenesis is acknowledged as a pivotal feature in the pathology of human cancer. Despite the absence of universally accepted markers for gauging the comprehensive angiogenic activity in prostate cancer (PCa) that could steer the formulation of focused anti-angiogenic treatments, the scrutiny of diverse facets of tumoral blood vessel development may furnish significant understanding of angiogenic processes. Malignant neoplasms, encompassing PCa, deploy a myriad of strategies to secure an adequate blood supply. These modalities range from sprouting angiogenesis and vasculogenesis to intussusceptive angiogenesis, vascular co-option, the formation of mosaic vessels, vasculogenic mimicry, the conversion of cancer stem-like cells into tumor endothelial cells, and vascular pruning. Here we provide a thorough review of these angiogenic mechanisms as they relate to PCa, discuss their prospective relevance for predictive and prognostic evaluations, and outline the prevailing obstacles in quantitatively evaluating neovascularization via histopathological examinations.
Keywords: prostate cancer; vasculature; microvessel density; biomarkers; fractals prostate cancer; vasculature; microvessel density; biomarkers; fractals

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MDPI and ACS Style

Grizzi, F.; Hegazi, M.A.A.A.; Zanoni, M.; Vota, P.; Toia, G.; Clementi, M.C.; Mazzieri, C.; Chiriva-Internati, M.; Taverna, G. Prostate Cancer Microvascular Routes: Exploration and Measurement Strategies. Life 2023, 13, 2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13102034

AMA Style

Grizzi F, Hegazi MAAA, Zanoni M, Vota P, Toia G, Clementi MC, Mazzieri C, Chiriva-Internati M, Taverna G. Prostate Cancer Microvascular Routes: Exploration and Measurement Strategies. Life. 2023; 13(10):2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13102034

Chicago/Turabian Style

Grizzi, Fabio, Mohamed A. A. A. Hegazi, Matteo Zanoni, Paolo Vota, Giovanni Toia, Maria Chiara Clementi, Cinzia Mazzieri, Maurizio Chiriva-Internati, and Gianluigi Taverna. 2023. "Prostate Cancer Microvascular Routes: Exploration and Measurement Strategies" Life 13, no. 10: 2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13102034

APA Style

Grizzi, F., Hegazi, M. A. A. A., Zanoni, M., Vota, P., Toia, G., Clementi, M. C., Mazzieri, C., Chiriva-Internati, M., & Taverna, G. (2023). Prostate Cancer Microvascular Routes: Exploration and Measurement Strategies. Life, 13(10), 2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13102034

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