Variations in Soil Blue Carbon Sequestration between Natural Mangrove Metapopulations and a Mixed Mangrove Plantation: A Case Study from the World’s Largest Contiguous Mangrove Forest
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Plantation, Monitoring and Assessment Strategy
2.3. Soil Sampling and Analyses
2.4. Assessing the Health of the Ecosystem
2.5. Statistical Tests
3. Results
3.1. Biodiversity and Ecological Health Assessment
3.2. Soil Parameters
4. Discussion
4.1. Biodiversity and Ecological Health
4.2. Comparing the Ecosystem Function and Services
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sites | Name of Monitoring Location | Latitude and Longitudes | Approximate Linear Distance from Nearest Conserved Mangrove Forest Patch—Sajnekhali Sanctuary (km) | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | Plantation site | 22.1013272° N, 88.855648° E | 0.3 | The plantation comprises of Rhizophora mucronata, executed in 2012. The plantation site is behind a natural Avicennia marina plantation site, as depicted in detail in Figure 2. Hence, the study site is an association between naturally grown A. marina and planted R. mucronata. |
S2 | Lahiripur | 22.0912318° N, 88.9027087° E | 0.3 | Near to the Lahiripur Revenue village. The patch is dominated by Avicennia marina. |
S3 | Poroshmoni sub-center | 22.1210751° N, 88.8902425° E | 3.7 | The area is in a creek locally called ‘Dutta River’. It has a 60% Relative density for Avicennia marina, while Sonneretia caseolaris constitute another 20%. This is a natural association of Avicennia-Sonneretia. |
S4 | Amlamethi Mudflat | 22.0807666° N, 88.7105938° E | 9 | Mudflat in Bali Island of Gosaba block under 80% relative density of Phoenix paludosa, the mangrove palm. |
S5 | Chotto-Mollakhali | 22.2281325° N, 88.8487385° E | 12 | Near to the revenue village of Chotto-Mollakhali. Dominance of halophyte-Suaeda maritima |
Site 1 | Site 2 | Site 3 | Site 4 | Site 5 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Family | RD | F | RD | F | RD | F | RD | F | RD | F |
Acanthus ilicifolius L. | Acanthaceae | 8 | 100 | 8 | 100 | 06 | 60 | 10 | 60 | 4 | 60 |
Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh | Acanthaceae | 24 | 60 | 80 | 100 | 55 | 100 | 16 | 100 | 13 | 40 |
Bruguera sexangula (Lour.) Poir. | Rhizophoraceae | 4 | 60 | 1 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Robinson | Rhizophoraceae | 1 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Phoenix paludosa Roxb. | Arecaceae | 0 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 60 | 63 | 100 | 4 | 80 |
Proteresia coarctata (Roxb.) Tateoka | Poaceae | 4 | 0 | 12 | 40 | 13 | 40 | 10 | 20 | 10 | 40 |
Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. | Rhizophoraceae | 60 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sonneretia caseolaris (L.) Engl. | Sonnetiaceae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. | Amaranthaceae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 69 | 100 |
Site 1 | Site 2 | Site 3 | Site 4 | Site 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simpson’s Index of Dominance | 0.41 | 0.66 | 0.36 | 0.43 | 0.5 |
Simpson’s Index of Diversity | 0.59 | 0.34 | 0.64 | 0.57 | 0.5 |
Shannon-Weiner Index | 1.13 | 0.65 | 1.23 | 1.05 | 1.0 |
Sand | Silt | Clay | pH | SOC (%) | BD (g/cm3) | P (mg/kg) | Salinity (ppt) | N (mg/kg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | 6.8 ± 0.5 a | 36.2 ± 4.9 a | 57.0 ± 5.2 d | 7.6 ± 0.1 a | 1.9 ± 0.12 c | 1.8 ± 0.1 b | 9.4 ± 1.2 b | 9.3 ± 0.4 a | 74.2 ± 3.5 b |
S2 | 10.4 ± 0.8 c | 40.4 ± 1.8 ab | 49.2 ± 1.6 c | 7.4 ± 0.1 a | 1.8 ± 0.09 c | 1.7 ± 0.05 b | 8.5 ± 0.7 b | 8.9 ± 0.3 a | 72.4 ± 8.2 b |
S3 | 8.7 ± 1.4 b | 64.2 ± 3.7 c | 27.1 ± 3.6 a | 7.8 ± 0.2 a | 1.0 ± 0.06 b | 1.5 ± 0.1 a | 9.0 ± 0.5 b | 7.9 ± 0.26 a | 83.6 ± 4.5 c |
S4 | 19.3 ± 1.1 d | 44.8 ± 2.6 b | 35.9 ± 3.5 b | 11.3 ± 1.2 b | 0.8 ± 0.11 a | 1.8 ± 0.08 b | 5.0 ± 0.5 a | 16.5 ± 1.5 b | 45.2 ± 3.3 a |
S5 | 19.0 ± 0.8 a | 60.8 ± 2.3 a | 20.2 ± 1.6 d | 11.7 ± 0.6 a | 0.7 ± 0.05 c | 1.4 ± 0.1 b | 3.0 ± 0.2 b | 18.0 ± 2.4 a | 37.2 ± 3.5 b |
F value | 97.8 | 28.9 | 32.5 | 29.8 | 78.54 | 8.4 | 14.7 | 65.6 | 25.7 |
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Chowdhury, A.; Naz, A.; Maiti, S.K. Variations in Soil Blue Carbon Sequestration between Natural Mangrove Metapopulations and a Mixed Mangrove Plantation: A Case Study from the World’s Largest Contiguous Mangrove Forest. Life 2023, 13, 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020271
Chowdhury A, Naz A, Maiti SK. Variations in Soil Blue Carbon Sequestration between Natural Mangrove Metapopulations and a Mixed Mangrove Plantation: A Case Study from the World’s Largest Contiguous Mangrove Forest. Life. 2023; 13(2):271. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020271
Chicago/Turabian StyleChowdhury, Abhiroop, Aliya Naz, and Subodh Kumar Maiti. 2023. "Variations in Soil Blue Carbon Sequestration between Natural Mangrove Metapopulations and a Mixed Mangrove Plantation: A Case Study from the World’s Largest Contiguous Mangrove Forest" Life 13, no. 2: 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020271