Interplay Impact of Exogenous Application of Abscisic Acid (ABA) and Brassinosteroids (BRs) in Rice Growth, Physiology, and Resistance under Sodium Chloride Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Growth Conditions
2.2. Treatment Plan
2.3. Hormone Application
2.4. Fertilizer Application
2.5. Measurement of Rice Growth Characteristics
2.6. Photosynthesis Parameters and Leaf Area
2.7. Quantification of the Hormones Produced in the Rice Flag Leaf
2.8. Measurement of Pollen Viability and Spikelet Sterility
2.9. 1000-Grain Weight and Rice Grain Yield Per Plant
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Exogenous Hormonal Treatments on Rice Agronomic Traits at Full Heading Stage under Salinity Stress
3.2. Effects of Exogenous Hormones on Photosynthesis Attributes of Rice Flag Leaf under Salinity
3.3. Effects of ABA and BRs on Phytohormonal Dynamics under Salinity
3.4. Pollen Viability and Spikelet Sterility
3.5. Effects of ABA and BRs on Rice Grain Weight under Salinity Stress
3.6. Effects of ABA and BRs on Rice Grain Yield and Its Attributes under Salinity Stress
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rice Cultivar | Sowing Date dd/mm | Seedlings Per Pot | Transplanting Stage dd/mm | Maximum Tillering dd/mm | Full Heading dd/mm | Maturity dd/mm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liangyoupiejiu | 30/05 | 6 Seedlings | 30/06 | 06/08 | 23/08 | 25/10 |
Hormones Levels | Salt Levels | Net Photosynthesis Rate (µmol CO2 m−2 s−1) | Stomatal Conductance (mol m−2 s−1) | Transpiration Rate (mmol m−2 s−1) | SPAD Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
no hormone | CK | 28.67 ± 2.19 abc | 0.82 ± 0.01 a | 88.0 ± 1.52 a | 41.4 ± 0.25 abc |
LS | 25.67 ± 0.88 bcd | 0.62 ± 0.14 abc | 73.7 ± 8.7 abc | 38.0 ± 0.7 cd | |
HS | 23.0 ± 1.53 cd | 0.33 ± 0.07 cd | 54.3 ± 8.6 bcd | 37.0 ± 0.8 d | |
BRs | CK | 28.67 ± 0.88 abc | 0.66 ± 0.09 abc | 81.7 ± 1.3 ab | 40.2 ± 0.2 abcd |
LS | 23.67 ± 0.67 cd | 0.38 ± 0.1 bcd | 60.7 ± 8.7 abcd | 40.2 ± 0.5 abcd | |
HS | 22.33 ± 0.88 cd | 0.27 ± 0.04 d | 47.7 ± 3.0 cd | 43.3 ± 0.7 a | |
ABA | CK | 33.0 ± 2.08 a | 0.92 ± 0.03 a | 87.0 ± 1.2 a | 41.8 ± 1.3 ab |
LS | 25.0 ± 1.15 bcd | 0.44 ± 0.03 bcd | 64.7 ± 2.2 abcd | 40.0 ± 0.5 abcd | |
HS | 21.0 ± 1.0 d | 0.43 ± 0.02 bcd | 56.0 ± 8.5 bcd | 40.2 ± 0.8 abcd | |
ABA+BRs | CK | 32.0 ± 2.08 ab | 0.73 ± 0.07 ab | 81.7 ± 3.8 ab | 42.0 ± 0.5 ab |
LS | 25.86 ± 0.71 bc | 0.52 ± 0.04 bc | 66.6 ± 2.8 abc | 40.6 ± 0.4 abc | |
HS | 23.67 ± 1.33 cd | 0.43 ± 0.05 bcd | 62.3 ± 2.0 abcd | 40.3 ± 0.3 abc |
Treatments | Salt Levels | 1000-Grain Weight (g) | Yield Per Plant (g) | Seed Setting Rate (%) | Total Above-Ground Biomass Per Plant (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
no hormone | CK | 25.67 ± 0.17 a | 25.47 ± 1.26 a | 59.2 ± 0.21 ab | 244.45 ± 20.9 ab |
LS | 24.54 ± 0.16 a | 23.9 ± 0.89 a | 57.2 ± 0.50 ab | 223.76 ± 8.18 b | |
HS | 19.33 ± 0.19 b | 5.33 ± 0.85 b | 43.0 ± 0.74 b | 122.21 ± 16.6 d | |
BRs | CK | 25.10 ± 0.61 a | 25.50 ± 0.42 a | 67.8 ± 0.35 a | 238.5 ± 13.6 ab |
LS | 23.89 ± 0. 17 a | 25.40 ± 4.5 a | 57.7 ± 1.14 ab | 245.2 ± 24.1 ab | |
HS | 20.77 ± 0.85 b | 9.40 ± 1.42 b | 53.2 ± 0.66 ab | 177.3 ± 9.9 c | |
ABA | CK | 26.21 ± 0.43 a | 22.37 ± 0.55 a | 48.7 ± 0.11 ab | 258.7 ± 21.4 ab |
LS | 24.98 ± 0.69 a | 20.97 ± 0.72 a | 53.7 ± 0.54 ab | 231.2 ± 8.6 ab | |
HS | 19.09 ± 1.74 b | 8.13 ± 0.38 b | 49.7 ± 0.46 ab | 136.06 ± 5.2 cd | |
ABA+BRs | CK | 25.59 ± 0.18 a | 23.40 ± 0.35 a | 46.9 ± 032 b | 273.0 ± 14.6 a |
LS | 24.86 ± 0.22 a | 22.50 ± 0.75 a | 41.6 ± 0.94 b | 271.1 ± 2.3 ab | |
HS | 16.58 ± 0.70 c | 6.0 ± 0.06 b | 39.8 ± 0.40 b | 135.0 ± 11.8 cd |
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Hussain, S.; Nanda, S.; Ashraf, M.; Siddiqui, A.R.; Masood, S.; Khaskheli, M.A.; Suleman, M.; Zhu, L.; Zhu, C.; Cao, X.; et al. Interplay Impact of Exogenous Application of Abscisic Acid (ABA) and Brassinosteroids (BRs) in Rice Growth, Physiology, and Resistance under Sodium Chloride Stress. Life 2023, 13, 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020498
Hussain S, Nanda S, Ashraf M, Siddiqui AR, Masood S, Khaskheli MA, Suleman M, Zhu L, Zhu C, Cao X, et al. Interplay Impact of Exogenous Application of Abscisic Acid (ABA) and Brassinosteroids (BRs) in Rice Growth, Physiology, and Resistance under Sodium Chloride Stress. Life. 2023; 13(2):498. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020498
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussain, Sajid, Satyabrata Nanda, Muhammad Ashraf, Ali Raza Siddiqui, Sajid Masood, Maqsood Ahmed Khaskheli, Muhammad Suleman, Lianfeng Zhu, Chunquan Zhu, Xiaochuang Cao, and et al. 2023. "Interplay Impact of Exogenous Application of Abscisic Acid (ABA) and Brassinosteroids (BRs) in Rice Growth, Physiology, and Resistance under Sodium Chloride Stress" Life 13, no. 2: 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13020498