The Hypothesis of a “Living Pulse” in Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Hypothesis
3. The Question of Detection
4. The Significance of Detecting a “Living Pulse”
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Movement | Description | Example Organisms |
---|---|---|
Swimming | Movement of an individual organism, powered by rotating flagella or archaella | Many bacteria and archaea such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholerae, Halobacterium salinarum, Methanococcus voltae |
Twitching | A form of crawling to move over a surface using a type IV pilus to pull a cell forward, similar to throwing a hook and pulling the organisms in that direction | Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shewanella putrefaciens, Vibirio cholerae |
Gliding | Movement along the surface of aqueous films without the aid of external appendages such as flagella, cilia, or pili | Certain rod-shaped bacteria, e.g., myxobacteria such as Myxococcus xanthus |
Sliding | Passive movement along for example a concentration gradient or by the presence of surfactants | B. subtilis, Serratia marcescens, P. aeruginosa |
Non-motile | Growing only along a stab line when cultured | Pathogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Yersinia pestis, but also for example Deinococcus radiodurans |
Reproduction | Cell duplication | All life forms |
Swarming | Rapid (2–10 μm/s) and coordinated translocation of a bacterial population across a solid or semi-solid surface | Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa |
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Walther-Antonio, M.; Schulze-Makuch, D. The Hypothesis of a “Living Pulse” in Cells. Life 2023, 13, 1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13071506
Walther-Antonio M, Schulze-Makuch D. The Hypothesis of a “Living Pulse” in Cells. Life. 2023; 13(7):1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13071506
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalther-Antonio, Marina, and Dirk Schulze-Makuch. 2023. "The Hypothesis of a “Living Pulse” in Cells" Life 13, no. 7: 1506. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13071506