The Impact of Post-Stroke Depressive Symptoms on Cognitive Performance in Women and in Men: A 4 Month Prospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Assessment of Depressive Symptoms
2.4. Neuropsychological Assessment
2.5. Assessment of Functional Status
2.6. MRI Methods and Assessment
2.7. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample, and Men’s and Women’s Characteristics
3.2. Evolution from the First to the Fourth Month after Stroke
3.3. Specificities of Men and Women in the Evolution
3.4. Correlation of Changes in Severity of Depression with Changes in Cognitive Performance and with Functional Status: Specificities of Women and Men
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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T1 | T2 | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Total (N = 73) | Female (N = 27) | Male (N = 46) | Total (N = 73) | Female (N = 27) | Male (N = 46) | ||||||||||||
N | M | SD | N | M | SD | N | M | SD | N | M | SD | N | M | SD | N | M | SD | |
Age (years) | 73 | 52.1 | 15.5 | 27 | 46.8 | 14.8 | 46 | 55.2 | 15.2 | |||||||||
Education (years) | 73 | 7.0 | 4.0 | 27 | 7.7 | 4.2 | 46 | 6.5 | 3.8 | |||||||||
Neuropsychological tests | ||||||||||||||||||
Digit Span Forward | 73 | 5.2 | 1.9 | 27 | 5.4 | 1.5 | 46 | 5.1 | 2.1 | 73 | 5.9 | 1.9 | 27 | 6.2 | 1.8 | 46 | 5.7 | 2.0 |
Digit Span Backward | 73 | 3.4 | 1.8 | 27 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 46 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 73 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 27 | 3.7 | 1.8 | 46 | 3.9 | 1.7 |
Verbal Fluency Test | 72 | 21.3 | 11.5 | 27 | 24.4 | 13.4 | 45 | 19.4 | 9.9 | 72 | 23.9 | 10.8 | 27 | 26.1 | 12.0 | 45 | 22.6 | 10.0 |
Stroop Dots | 39 | 26.6 | 14.1 | 13 | 24.0 | 14.6 | 26 | 27.8 | 13.9 | 43 | 23.9 | 11.6 | 14 | 18.1 | 5.7 | 29 | 26.7 | 12.7 |
Stroop Color | 38 | 50.9 | 29.8 | 13 | 48.8 | 37.9 | 25 | 52.0 | 25.3 | 43 | 56.4 | 35.7 | 14 | 43.3 | 29.4 | 29 | 62.8 | 37.3 |
Stroop Interference | 38 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 13 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 25 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 43 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 14 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 29 | 0.6 | 0.3 |
Clinical characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||
HAM-D-31 | 71 | 8.2 | 6.5 | 25 | 9.7 | 6.5 | 46 | 7.5 | 6.5 | 71 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 25 | 12.2 | 9.1 | 46 | 8.2 | 8.1 |
NIHSS | 69 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 24 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 45 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 69 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 24 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 45 | 2.1 | 2.2 |
Volume of stroke lesion | ||||||||||||||||||
Total cortex | 51 | 2685.9 | 4058.2 | 23 | 2471.7 | 3751.4 | 28 | 2861.9 | 4354.4 | |||||||||
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | 50 | 34.3 | 120.2 | 23 | 44.1 | 154.0 | 27 | 25.9 | 83.8 | |||||||||
Medial prefrontal cortex | 50 | 102.8 | 235.4 | 23 | 69.1 | 168.5 | 27 | 131.5 | 280.3 | |||||||||
Orbital prefrontal cortex | 50 | 49.0 | 167.7 | 23 | 18.0 | 56.5 | 27 | 75.4 | 220.8 |
Time | Time × Gender | Gender | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | p | ES | p | ES | p | ES |
Digit Span Forward | 0.001 | 0.031 | 0.723 | 0.000 | 0.347 | 0.010 |
Digit Span Backward | 0.050 | 0.017 | 0.822 | 0.000 | 0.423 | 0.006 |
Verbal Fluency Test | 0.005 | 0.011 | 0.415 | 0.001 | 0.108 | 0.033 |
Stroop Dots | <0.001 | 0.069 | 0.930 | 0.000 | 0.149 | 0.044 |
Stroop Color | 0.487 | 0.002 | 0.412 | 0.002 | 0.509 | 0.011 |
Stroop Interference | 0.011 | 0.042 | 0.637 | 0.001 | 0.061 | 0.070 |
HAM-D-31 | 0.194 | 0.010 | 0.481 | 0.003 | 0.031 | 0.038 |
NIHSS | <0.001 | 0.044 | 0.320 | 0.002 | 0.628 | 0.003 |
T1 | T2 | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Total (N = 73) | Female (N = 27) | Male (N = 46) | Total (N = 73) | Female(N = 27) | Male (N = 46) | ||||||||||||
N | M | SD | N | M | SD | N | M | SD | N | M | SD | N | M | SD | N | M | SD | |
Age (years) | 73 | 52.1 | 15.5 | 27 | 46.8 | 14.8 | 46 | 55.2 | 15.2 | |||||||||
Education (years) | 73 | 7.0 | 4.0 | 27 | 7.7 | 4.2 | 46 | 6.5 | 3.8 | |||||||||
Neuropsychological tests | ||||||||||||||||||
Digit Span Forward | 73 | 5.2 | 1.9 | 27 | 5.4 | 1.5 | 46 | 5.1 | 2.1 | 73 | 5.9 | 1.9 | 27 | 6.2 | 1.8 | 46 | 5.7 | 2.0 |
Digit Span Backward | 73 | 3.4 | 1.8 | 27 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 46 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 73 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 27 | 3.7 | 1.8 | 46 | 3.9 | 1.7 |
Verbal Fluency Test | 72 | 21.3 | 11.5 | 27 | 24.4 | 13.4 | 45 | 19.4 | 9.9 | 72 | 23.9 | 10.8 | 27 | 26.1 | 12.0 | 45 | 22.6 | 10.0 |
Stroop Dots | 39 | 26.6 | 14.1 | 13 | 24.0 | 14.6 | 26 | 27.8 | 13.9 | 43 | 23.9 | 11.6 | 14 | 18.1 | 5.7 | 29 | 26.7 | 12.7 |
Stroop Color | 38 | 50.9 | 29.8 | 13 | 48.8 | 37.9 | 25 | 52.0 | 25.3 | 43 | 56.4 | 35.7 | 14 | 43.3 | 29.4 | 29 | 62.8 | 37.3 |
Stroop Interference | 38 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 13 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 25 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 43 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 14 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 29 | 0.6 | 0.3 |
Clinical characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||
HAM-D-31 | 71 | 8.2 | 6.5 | 25 | 9.7 | 6.5 | 46 | 7.5 | 6.5 | 71 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 25 | 12.2 | 9.1 | 46 | 8.2 | 8.1 |
NIHSS | 69 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 24 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 45 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 69 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 24 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 45 | 2.1 | 2.2 |
Volume of stroke lesion | ||||||||||||||||||
Total cortex | 51 | 2685.9 | 4058.2 | 23 | 2471.7 | 3751.4 | 28 | 2861.9 | 4354.4 | |||||||||
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | 50 | 34.3 | 120.2 | 23 | 44.1 | 154.0 | 27 | 25.9 | 83.8 | |||||||||
Medial prefrontal cortex | 50 | 102.8 | 235.4 | 23 | 69.1 | 168.5 | 27 | 131.5 | 280.3 | |||||||||
Orbital prefrontal cortex | 50 | 49.0 | 167.7 | 23 | 18.0 | 56.5 | 27 | 75.4 | 220.8 |
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Sobreiro, M.F.M.; Terroni, L.; Guajardo, V.D.; Mattos, P.F.; Leite, C.d.C.; Amaro, E., Jr.; Tinone, G.; Iosifescu, D.V.; Fraguas, R. The Impact of Post-Stroke Depressive Symptoms on Cognitive Performance in Women and in Men: A 4 Month Prospective Study. Life 2023, 13, 1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13071554
Sobreiro MFM, Terroni L, Guajardo VD, Mattos PF, Leite CdC, Amaro E Jr., Tinone G, Iosifescu DV, Fraguas R. The Impact of Post-Stroke Depressive Symptoms on Cognitive Performance in Women and in Men: A 4 Month Prospective Study. Life. 2023; 13(7):1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13071554
Chicago/Turabian StyleSobreiro, Matildes F. M., Luisa Terroni, Valeri Delgado Guajardo, Patricia Ferreira Mattos, Claudia da Costa Leite, Edson Amaro, Jr., Gisela Tinone, Dan V. Iosifescu, and Renerio Fraguas. 2023. "The Impact of Post-Stroke Depressive Symptoms on Cognitive Performance in Women and in Men: A 4 Month Prospective Study" Life 13, no. 7: 1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13071554