Cultivable Endophyte Resources in Medicinal Plants and Effects on Hosts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Medicinal Plants and Their Cultivable Endophyte Resources
2.1. Culturable Endophytic Bacteria Diversity in Medicinal Plants
2.2. Culturable Endophytic Fungal Diversity in Medicinal Plants
2.3. Culturable Endophytic Actinomycetes Diversity in Medicinal Plants
3. Beneficial Effects of Endophytes from Medicinal Plants on the Host
3.1. Promoting the Growth of Medicinal Plants
3.2. Enhance the Stress Tolerance of Medicinal Plants
3.3. Promoting the Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plants
3.4. Helping the Host Resist Pathogens
4. Medicinal Components Produced by Endophytes in Medicinal Plants
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Host Plant | Main Therapeutic Activities of the Host | Major Medicinal Components | Tissues | Endophytic Bacteria | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. | Anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-oxidant, anti-osteoporotic, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and improving gastrointestinal function and gonadal hormone regulation | Atractylenolide I, atractylenolide II, and atractylon | Root, stem, and leaf | Bacillus sp., Rhodococcus sp. Mycobacterium sp., Pseudomonas sp., Mycolicibacterium sp., Leucobacter sp., Enterobacter sp., Rhizobium sp., Glutamicibacter sp., and others, for a total of 58 genera | [15,16] |
Dendrobium officinale | Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-cancer | Polysaccharides | Stem | Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Pantoea sp., Pseudomonas sp., Curtobacterium sp., Burkholderia sp., Microbacterium sp., Lysinibacillus sp., and others, for a total of 23 genera | [18,19] |
Mulberry | Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor | Polysaccharides, carotenoids, rutin, resveratrol, and anthocyanins | Stem | Pantoea sp., Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Curtobacterium sp., Sphingomonas sp., and others, for a total of 36 genera | [20,21,22,23] |
Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) | Anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-helminthic, anti-diabetes, wound healing, hepatoprotective, and anti-oxidant | Terpenoids, flavonoids, triterpeneol esters, steroids, phenolic compounds, carotenes, triterpenoids, essential oils, quinones, fatty acids, minerals, saponins, carbohydrates, sterols, and tocopherols | Root and shoot | Pantoea sp., Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Achromobacter sp., Xanthomonas sp., Rathayibacter sp., Agrobacterium sp., Pseudoxanthomonas sp., and Beijerinckia sp. | [24,33] |
Camellia sinensis | Anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, and anti-cardiovascular disease | Catechins, theaflavins, tannins, and flavonoids | Leaf and root | Bacillus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Brevundimonas sp., Pseudomonas sp., Ochrobactrum sp., Alcaligenes sp., and others, for a total of 16 genera | [25,34] |
Handroanthus impetiginosus | Anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-malaria | Quinoid | Leaf | Bacillus sp., Paenibacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Rhizobium sp., Rummeliibacillus sp., and Methylobacterium sp. | [26,35] |
European plum (Prunus domestica) | Anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, and anti-cardiovascular disease | Anthocyanins | Shoot | Pseudomonas sp. and Agrobacterium sp. | [29,36] |
Mint (Endostemon obtusifolius) | Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, scolicidal, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, neuroprotective, anti-fatigue, and anti-oxidant | Menthol, menthone, neomenthol, and iso-menthone | Leaf and root | Paenibacillus sp. etc. | [30,37] |
Centella asiatica | Anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-oxidant | Triterpenoids, flavonoids, vitamins, tannins, polyphenol, and volatile oils | Leaf | Pseudomonas sp., Novosphingobium sp., Chryseobacterium sp., Enterobacter sp., Agrobacterium sp., Pantoea sp., and Paraburkholderia sp. | [31] |
Archidendron pauciflorum | Antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic | Alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, saponin, glycoside, steroid, and terpenoid | Root, leaf, and stem | Bacillus sp. etc. | [32] |
Host Plant | Main Therapeutic Activities of the Host | Major Medicinal Components | Tissues | Endophytic Fungi | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aconitum heterophyllum | Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiarrhythmic, anti-parasitic and anticancer | Tannins, flavonoids, saponins, diterpenes, and alkaloids | Root, stem, and leaf | Arthrinium sp., Chaetomium sp., Purpureocillium sp., Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., and Bjerkandera sp. | [38,39] |
Crocus sativus | Against cardiovascular and Alzheimer disease, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and anti-depressant | Alkaloids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoid, phenolic, saponins, and terpenoids | Corm, scape, leaf, petal, and stigma | Penicillium sp., Sistotrema sp., and Bjerkandera sp. | [40,41,42] |
Salvia miltiorrhiza | Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-thrombotic, and cardio-protective | Salvianolic acid A, salvianolic acid B, lithospermic acid, rosmarinic acid, danshensu, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, tanshinone IIB, cryptotanshinone, and dihydrotanshinone I | Root | Fusarium sp., Epicoccum sp., Aspergillus sp., Arthrinium sp., Coprinellus sp., Dictyosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Phomopsis sp. and Pithomyces sp. | [43] |
Mint (Endostemon obtusifolius) | Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, scolicidal, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, neuroprotective, anti-fatigue and anti-oxidant | Menthol, menthone, neomenthol and iso-menthone | Root and leaf | Fusarium sp. etc. | [30,37] |
Dendrobium officinale | Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-cancer | Polysaccharides | Leaf | Colletotrichum sp., Fusariumand sp., and Trichoderma sp. | [44] |
Codonopsis pilosula | Immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, neuroprotective, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, hypoglycemic, anti-hypoxia, renoprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective and prebiotic | Polysaccharides | Root | Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp., Plectosphaerella sp. etc. | [45,46] |
Vernonia anthelmintica | Anti-vitiligo, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antipsoriatic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-oxidant, anti-parasitic, anti-microbial, anti-proliferative and immunomodulatory | Phenolic acids, chalcones, flavonoids, terpenes, fatty acids, steroids, and miscellaneous compounds | Flower | Ovatospora sp., Chaetomium sp., Thielavia sp. and Aspergillus sp. | [47,48] |
Host Plant | Main Therapeutic Activities of the Host | Major Medicinal Components | Tissues | Endophytic Actinomycetes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dioscorea opposita | Phenols, flavonoids, saponins, anthocyanins, carotenoids, allantoins, and polysaccharides | Improving the cardiovascular system, regulating immune function, anti-tumour, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic | Root, stem and leaf | Streptomyces sp. | [49,50] |
Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. | Anti-hypertension, anti-diabetes, neuroprotection, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoporotic, hepatoprotection and kidney protection | Iridoids, lignans | Root and leaf | Nocardia sp. | [51,52,53] |
Thymus roseus | Anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-thrombus | Terpenes, essential oils | Root, stem and leaf | Nocardiopsis sp., Micrococcus sp., Kocuria sp., and etc. | [54] |
Viola odorata | Anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, antipyretic and laxative | Saponins, glycoside, mucilage, vitamins, and alkaloids | Root | Streptomyces sp. | [55,56] |
Xanthium sibiricum | Anti-inflammatory, treating asthma, improving immunity | Sesquiterpenoids, lignans, flavonoids, steroids, caffeoylquinic acids and thiazinodiones | Leaf and seed | Streptomyces sp. | [57,58] |
Kandelia candel | Antimicrobial, anti-oxidant | Phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and lignins | Root | Nocardioides sp. | [60,62,63] |
Mentha haplocalyx | Anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, gastrointestinal protective, and hepatoprotective | Polyphenolic acids, flavonoids, monoterpenoids, and glycosides | Bark | Nakamurella sp. | [61,64] |
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Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Cong, H.; Li, C.; Wu, J.; Li, L.; Jiang, J.; Cao, X. Cultivable Endophyte Resources in Medicinal Plants and Effects on Hosts. Life 2023, 13, 1695. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081695
Wang Y, Zhang Y, Cong H, Li C, Wu J, Li L, Jiang J, Cao X. Cultivable Endophyte Resources in Medicinal Plants and Effects on Hosts. Life. 2023; 13(8):1695. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081695
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yiming, Yongjing Zhang, Hao Cong, Changgen Li, Jiaying Wu, Ludan Li, Jihong Jiang, and Xiaoying Cao. 2023. "Cultivable Endophyte Resources in Medicinal Plants and Effects on Hosts" Life 13, no. 8: 1695. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081695