Histopathological and Behavioral Impairments in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Chronically Exposed to a Cocktail of Fipronil and Pyriproxyfen
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fish Maintenance
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. Behavioral Tests
2.4.1. Locomotor Activity Test
2.4.2. The Light–Dark Test
2.5. Assessment of Histological Changes
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.7. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Impaired Locomotor Activity after Chronic Exposure to Pesticide Mixture
3.2. Increased Anxiety Level of Zebrafish
3.3. Histological Alterations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Tank | Temperature (°C) | pH | Salinity | Conductivity (µS cm−1) | Ammonia (mg L−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Housing tank | 26 ± 0.5 | 7.6 | 0.26 | 551 | 0.05 |
Experimental tank | 25 ± 0.5 | 7.4 | 0.25 | 553 | 0.04 |
Experimental Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|
Time of Exposure (Days) | Ctrl 0 mg L−1 FIP + PYR | 0.05 mg L−1 FIP + PYR | 0.1 mg L−1 FIP + PYR |
PTR | 1107.2 ± 77.5 | 1153.7 ± 87.8 | 895.2 ± 74.3 |
D_1 | 1602.8 ± 252.2 | 1422.5 ± 123.01 | 1134.2 ± 106.03 |
D_2 | 1556.1 ± 150.8 | 1364.6 ± 151.4 | 1142.8 ± 101.6 |
D_3 | 1419.4 ± 116.3 | 1355.6 ± 158.4 | 1245.5 ± 77.2 |
D_4 | 1457.8 ± 158.4 | 1447.4 ± 168.2 | 1437.5 ± 112.9 |
D_5 | 1467.9 ± 109.3 | 1524.1 ± 241.03 | 1318.3 ± 87.06 |
Experimental Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|
Time of Exposure (Days) | Ctrl 0 mg L−1 FIP + PYR | 0.05 mg L−1 FIP + PYR | 0.1 mg L−1 FIP + PYR |
PTR | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.3 |
D_1 | 6.7 ± 1.1 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.4 |
D_2 | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.4 |
D_3 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 5.2 ± 0.3 |
D_4 | 6.1 ± 0.7 | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 6.0 ± 0.5 |
D_5 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 6.4 ± 1.0 | 5.5 ± 0.4 |
A | Experimental Groups | ||
---|---|---|---|
Time of Exposure (Days) | Ctrl 0 mg L−1 FIP + PYR | 0.05 mg L−1 FIP + PYR | 0.1 mg L−1 FIP + PYR |
PTR | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.9 |
D_1 | 8.6 ± 1.9 | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 6.5 ± 1.3 |
D_2 | 7.0 ± 0.6 | 9.1 ± 2.3 | 6.8 ± 1.0 |
D_3 | 4.0 ± 0.8 | 6.7 ± 1.4 | 5.8 ± 1.2 |
D_4 | 7.7 ± 1.9 | 6.1 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 1.2 |
D_5 | 7.3 ± 1.2 | 6.6 ± 1.5 | 6.0 ± 1.0 |
B | Experimental Groups | ||
Time of Exposure (Days) | Ctrl 0 mg L−1 FIP + PYR | 0.05 mg L−1 FIP + PYR | 0.1 mg L−1 FIP + PYR |
PTR | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 2.7 ± 0.2 |
D_1 | 3.3 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.1 |
D_2 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.2 |
D_3 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.2 |
D_4 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 0.2 |
D_5 | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.2 |
Experimental Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|
Time of Exposure (Days) | Ctrl 0 mg L−1 FIP + PYR | 0.05 mg L−1 FIP + PYR | 0.1 mg L−1 FIP + PYR |
PTR | 2266.3 ± 130.0 | 1982.7 ± 180.7 | 2515.8 ± 175.1 |
D_1 | 2612.4 ± 248.3 | 2874.7 ± 231.1 | 2553.0 ± 201.4 |
D_2 | 2656.0 ± 178.2 | 2750.2 ± 400.6 | 3723.5 ± 345.5 |
D_3 | 2206.2 ± 345.4 | 2265.3 ± 291.6 | 2927.5 ± 264.7 |
D_4 | 2519.4 ± 170.5 | 3273.1 ± 252.3 | 2974.8 ± 294.7 |
D_5 | 3022.2 ± 181.4 | 3046.8 ± 119.6 | 2388.9 ± 323.4 |
Experimental Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|
Time of Exposure (Days) | Ctrl 0 mg L−1 FIP + PYR | 0.05 mg L−1 FIP + PYR | 0.1 mg L−1 FIP + PYR |
PTR | 9.7 ± 0.5 | 8.7 ± 0.7 | 10.7 ± 0.8 |
D_1 | 11.0 ± 1.0 | 12.4 ± 0.9 | 11.0 ± 0.9 |
D_2 | 11.3 ± 0.7 | 11.9 ± 1.7 | 15.9 ± 1.4 |
D_3 | 9.5 ± 1.5 | 9.5 ± 1.2 | 12.4 ± 1.1 |
D_4 | 10.7 ± 0.7 | 14.0 ± 1.1 | 12.7 ± 1.2 |
D_5 | 13.0 ± 0.8 | 13.0 ± 0.5 | 10.2 ± 1.4 |
Maze Areas | Time of Exposure (Days) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PTR | D_1 | D_2 | D_3 | D_4 | D_5 | |||
Experimental Groups | Ctrl 0 mg L−1 FIP + PYR | dark | 89.1 ± 12.1 | 48.3 ± 9.5 | 58.5 ± 15.1 | 83.3 ± 30.8 | 40.7 ± 7.8 | 48.6 ± 8.3 |
light | 95.0 ± 11.8 | 125.8 ± 8.0 | 108.5 ± 15.6 | 88.0 ± 24.8 | 92.3 ± 16.7 | 103.6 ± 11.2 | ||
decision point | 63.3 ± 5.7 | 64.9 ± 9.5 | 71.7 ± 7.8 | 67.0 ± 13.8 | 99.4 ± 11.5 | 85.9 ± 5.7 | ||
0.05 mg L−1 FIP + PYR | dark | 83.5 ± 13.4 | 41.9 ± 11.7 | 81.0 ± 21.2 | 64.3 ± 14.2 | 58.9 ± 19.7 | 59.3 ± 16.0 | |
light | 92.8 ± 11.2 | 125.3 ± 18.3 | 76.0 ± 15.4 | 100.6 ± 15.8 | 102.6 ± 19.1 | 99.8 ± 14.2 | ||
decision point | 62.6 ± 6.1 | 71.6 ± 14.3 | 81.1 ± 8.2 | 74.0 ± 7.7 | 76.8 ± 6.0 | 79.0 ± 6.4 | ||
0.1 mg L−1 FIP + PYR | dark | 73.9 ± 13.4 | 49.3 ± 15.6 | 54.2 ± 9.5 | 75.1 ± 18.1 | 32.7 ± 13.7 | 25.2 ± 11.0 | |
light | 98.1 ± 10.3 | 130.5 ± 21.3 | 116.0 ± 14.5 | 98.0 ± 18.6 | 147.9 ± 19.9 | 168.4 ± 24.1 | ||
decision point | 66.9 ± 7.0 | 58.6 ± 11.1 | 67.9 ± 10.3 | 65.8 ± 7.2 | 58.0 ± 9.9 | 44.9 ± 13.5 |
Compound | Species | Dose & Time | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
FIP | mussels Unio delicatus | 0.264 and 0.528 mg L−1 48 h / 7 days | alterations in gills and digestive tissues necrosis | [20] |
zebrafish Danio rerio | 0.5, 1, and 2 mg L−1 96 h | ↓ SOD and CAT activity ↑lipid peroxidation | [69] | |
2.5, 7.5, and 15 mg L−1 72 h | ↓cell proliferation ↓ hatchability edema and irregular heartbeat | [70] | ||
0.4 and 0.8 mg L−1 5 days | anxiety swimming performance perturbed ↑ lipid peroxidation | [67] | ||
0.33 mg L−1 5 days | notochord degeneration locomotor defects | [71] | ||
common carp Cyprinus carpio | 0.02 to 0.10 mg L−1 12 days | alterations in gills, liver, kidneys, and intestine tissues | [39] | |
0.65 mg L−1 90 days | ↓SOD and CAT activity ↑lipid peroxidation | [22] | ||
mice Mus musculus | 10 mg kg−1 43 weeks | hyperactivity | [54] | |
2.5, 5, and 10 mg kg−1 28 days | ↓ SOD and CAT activity ↑lipid peroxidation | [51] | ||
15, 25, and 50 mg kg−1 single administration | steatosis ↑lipid droplets ↑cell death | [21] | ||
15, 25, and 50 mg kg−1 | ↑steatosis ↑ Kupffer cells alterations of hepatocytes nuclei | [35] | ||
rat Rattus norvegicus | 4.85 mg kg−1 6 weeks | impairments in spatial learning and memory ↓dopamine ↓MDA | [18] | |
70, 140, and 280 mg/kg | ↑ freezing, grooming, and rearing behaviors | [17] | ||
bobwhite quail Colinus virginianus | 37.5 mg kg−1 8, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h | ↓ food intake and weight gain | [19] | |
PYR | zebrafish Danio rerio | 0.33 and 92.5 μmol L−1 | inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity ↑ ROS | [31] |
0.125, 0.675, and 1.75 mg L−1 96 h | no locomotor impairments no anxiety-like behavior | [56] | ||
1.66 µg mL−1 96 h | ↑ ROS ↑ lipid peroxidation ↑ nitric oxide ↓ SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH hyperemia pericardial edema | [40] | ||
platy Xiphophorus maculatus | 2.5 and 5 µg L−1 | ↓body weight | [30] | |
mice Mus musculus | 30, 100, 300, and 1000 mg kg−1 | ↑ glial cells number, vacuolization, and degenerated neurons | [41] | |
100, 200, 320, 600, and 1200 mg kg−1 28 days | ↓body weight | [28] | ||
rat Rattus norvegicus | 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg kg−1 | ↓body weight | [29] | |
FIP + PYR | zebrafish Danio rerio | 0.05 and 0.1 mg L−1 5 days | ↑locomotor activity ↑anxiety level ↑hemosiderin deposits dilated blood vessels and leucocyte infiltration in different brain sections | Present work |
600 µg L−1 14 days | ↓swimming performance ↓sociability ↑SOD, GPx, and MDA | [48] |
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Robea, M.A.; Petrovici, A.; Ureche, D.; Nicoara, M.; Ciobica, A.S. Histopathological and Behavioral Impairments in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Chronically Exposed to a Cocktail of Fipronil and Pyriproxyfen. Life 2023, 13, 1874. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13091874
Robea MA, Petrovici A, Ureche D, Nicoara M, Ciobica AS. Histopathological and Behavioral Impairments in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Chronically Exposed to a Cocktail of Fipronil and Pyriproxyfen. Life. 2023; 13(9):1874. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13091874
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobea, Madalina Andreea, Adriana Petrovici, Dorel Ureche, Mircea Nicoara, and Alin Stelian Ciobica. 2023. "Histopathological and Behavioral Impairments in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Chronically Exposed to a Cocktail of Fipronil and Pyriproxyfen" Life 13, no. 9: 1874. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13091874