Optimal Dietary Intake of Riboflavin Associated with Lower Risk of Cervical Cancer in Korea: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2021
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patient Selection and Data Collection
2.2. Study Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Non-Cervical Cancer (N = 27,976) | Cervical Cancer (N = 330) | p-Value | Risk for Cervical Cancer Compared to Non-Cervical Cancer | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | ||||
Age (year) | 51.63 ± 16.80 | 60.80 ± 13.34 | <0.001 | 1.04 | (1.029, 1.043) | <0.001 |
Weight, kg | 58.13 ± 9.63 | 58.30 ± 9.43 | 0.757 | 1.01 | (0.991, 1.013) | 0.757 |
Height, cm | 157.25 ± 6.63 | 154.88 ± 6.03 | <0.001 | 0.95 | (0.934, 0.964) | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.52 ± 3.65 | 24.25 ± 3.46 | <0.001 | 1.05 | (1.023, 1.080) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 79.63 ± 10.08 | 82.02 ± 10.03 | <0.001 | 1.02 | (1.012, 1.033) | <0.001 |
Income, N (%) Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 | 6849 (24.5%) 7031 (25.1%) 7051 (25.2%) 7045 (25.2%) | 97 (28.9%) 89 (25.8%) 82 (25.2%) 65 (20.1%) | 0.108 | 1.00 0.87 0.85 0.67 | Reference (0.647, 1.171) (0.629, 1.142) (0.489, 0.924) | 0.359 0.277 0.014 |
Education, N (%) Less than Elementary school Middle school High school College or higher | 7161 (25.6%) 2837 (10.1%) 8741 (31.2%) 9237 (33.1%) | 154 (46.2%) 41 (12.5%) 91 (27.8%) 44 (13.5%) | <0.001 | 1.00 0.69 0.49 0.23 | Reference (0.488, 0.978) (0.380, 0.641) (0.161, 0.316) | 0.037 <0.001 <0.001 |
Alcohol consumption, N (%) Not drinking at all Less than once a month About once a month About once a week Almost every day | 10,585 (48.7%) 6053 (22.8%) 4657 (14.9%) 4076 (11.0%) 2605 (2.6%) | 15 (57.8%) 63 (19.1%) 47 (9.8%) 51 (12.1%) 12 (1.2%) | 0.077 | 1.00 0.70 0.56 0.93 0.38 | Reference (0.474, 1.046) (0.332, 0.933) (0.581, 1.496) (0.093, 1.541) | 0.082 0.026 0.771 0.175 |
Smoking, N (%) Non-smoker Smoker | 24,775 (88.8%) 3201 (11.2%) | 292 (89.0%) 38 (11.0%) | 0.922 | 1.00 0.98 | Reference (0.694, 1.392) | 0.922 |
Menstrual status, N (%) Menstruating Menopausal | 14,922 (53.4%) 13,054 (46.6%) | 148 (44.4%) 182 (55.6%) | 0.002 | 1.00 1.44 | Reference (1.144, 1.803) | 0.002 |
Living status with spouse, N (%) Not living together Living together | 7535 (23.1%) 20,441 (76.9%) | 114 (34.2%) 216 (65.8%) | <0.001 | 1.00 0.58 | Reference (0.485, 0.731) | <0.001 |
Oral contraceptive use, N (%) Yes No | 4791 (16.9%) 23,185 (83.1%) | 71 (21.2%) 259 (78.8%) | 0.041 | 1.00 0.76 | Reference (0.579, 0.990) | 0.042 |
Age at first childbirth, years | 25.10 ± 4.21 | 23.91 ± 3.50 | <0.001 | 0.91 | (0.882, 0.937) | <0.001 |
Number of pregnancies, N (%) | 3.76 ± 2.06 | 4.38 ± 2.37 | <0.001 | 1.12 | (1.072, 1.168) | <0.001 |
Energy intake (Kcal)/day | 1649.88 ± 690.14 | 1570.10 ± 677.56 | 0.046 | 0.99 | (0.999, 1.009) | 0.054 |
Days of walking in a week | 5.35 ± 7.79 | 5.38 ± 9.35 | 0.938 | 1.001 | (0.987, 1.014) | 0.938 |
Days of strength training in a week | 1.55 ± 1.37 | 1.54 ± 1.42 | 0.886 | 0.994 | (0.918, 1.077) | 0.886 |
Thiamine intake (mg)/day Intake < 1.1 mg 1.1 mg ≤ Intake < 2.2 mg Intake ≥ 2.2 mg/day | 13,339 (49.4%) 10,888 (39.7%) 3749 (10.9%) | 181 (56.6%) 112 (34.1%) 37 (9.3%) | 0.046 | 1.00 0.75 0.74 | Reference (0.587, 0.961) (0.497, 1.110) | 0.023 0.147 |
Riboflavin intake (mg)/day Intake < 1.2 mg 1.2 mg ≤ Intake < 2.4 mg Intake ≥ 2.4 mg | 14,128 (52.6%) 10,904 (39.7%) 2944 (7.7%) | 205 (64.6%) 96 (28.8%) 29 (6.6%) | <0.001 | 1.00 0.59 0.70 | Reference (0.459, 0.763) (0.443, 1.118) | <0.001 0.137 |
Niacin intake (mg)/day Intake < 14 mg 14 mg ≤ Intake < 28 mg Intake ≥ 28 mg | 18,809 (71.5%) 7408 (25.6%) 1759 (2.9%) | 244 (77.5%) 71 (20.5%) 15 (2.0%) | 0.067 | 1.00 0.74 0.63 | Reference (0.558, 0.979) (0.279, 1.422) | 0.035 0.266 |
Risk of Cervical Cancer Compared to Non-Cervical Cancer | |||
---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Thiamine intake (mg)/day Intake < 1.1 mg mg ≤ Intake < 2.2 mg Intake ≥ 2.2 mg | 1.00 0.76 0.66 | Reference (0.569, 1.003) (0.394, 1.113) | 0.052 0.120 |
Riboflavin intake (mg)/day Intake < 1.2 mg mg ≤ Intake < 2.4 mg Intake ≥ 2.4 mg | 1.00 0.74 0.89 | Reference (0.546, 0.991) (0.494, 1.588) | 0.043 0.684 |
Niacin intake (mg)/day Intake < 14 mg 14 mg ≤ Intake < 28 mg Intake ≥ 28 mg | 1.00 0.89 0.94 | Reference (0.634, 1.257) (0.385, 2.290) | 0.516 0.890 |
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Lee, S.-M.; Seol, A.; Cho, H.-W.; Min, K.-J.; Lee, S.; Hong, J.-H.; Song, J.-Y.; Lee, J.-K.; Lee, N.-W. Optimal Dietary Intake of Riboflavin Associated with Lower Risk of Cervical Cancer in Korea: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2021. Life 2024, 14, 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040529
Lee S-M, Seol A, Cho H-W, Min K-J, Lee S, Hong J-H, Song J-Y, Lee J-K, Lee N-W. Optimal Dietary Intake of Riboflavin Associated with Lower Risk of Cervical Cancer in Korea: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2021. Life. 2024; 14(4):529. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040529
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Seon-Mi, Aeran Seol, Hyun-Woong Cho, Kyung-Jin Min, Sanghoon Lee, Jin-Hwa Hong, Jae-Yun Song, Jae-Kwan Lee, and Nak-Woo Lee. 2024. "Optimal Dietary Intake of Riboflavin Associated with Lower Risk of Cervical Cancer in Korea: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2021" Life 14, no. 4: 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040529