The Impact of Birth Season and Sex on Motor Skills in 2-Year-Old Children: A Study in Jinhua, Eastern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Recruitment Strategy and Participants
2.2. Assessment of Children’s Basic Characteristics
2.3. Evaluation of Children’s Motor Skills
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Children
3.2. Effects of Sex and Season of Birth on GMQ, FMQ, and TMQ
3.3. Effects of Sex and Season of Birth on Gross and Fine Motor Subskills
3.4. The Motor Skills Scores of Girls Born in Winter Compared to Those Born in the Summer
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Boys (n = 114) | Girls (n = 111) | Total (n = 225) |
---|---|---|---|
Spring | 19 (16.7%) | 11 (9.9%) | 30 (13.3%) |
Summer | 42 (36.8%) | 32 (28.8%) | 74 (32.9%) |
Autumn | 32 (28.1%) | 34 (30.6%) | 66 (29.3%) |
Winter | 21 (18.4%) | 34 (30.6%) | 55 (24.4%) |
Variables | GMQ | FMQ | TMQ | St | Lo | Ob | Gr | Vi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (M ± SE) | ||||||||
Spring | 113.63 ± 3.05 | 106.63 ± 3.20 | 111.47 ± 3.03 | 12.47 ± 0.62 | 11.11 ± 0.51 | 12.79 ± 0.62 | 10.89 ± 0.67 | 11.32 ± 0.55 |
Summer | 113.40 ± 2.05 | 108.36 ± 2.15 | 112.14 ± 2.04 | 13.07 ± 0.42 | 10.81 ± 0.35 | 12.38 ± 0.42 | 11.62 ± 0.45 | 11.00 ± 0.37 |
Autumn | 119.81 ± 2.35 | 110.78 ± 2.47 | 117.28 ± 2.33 | 13.84 ± 0.48 | 11.78 ± 0.40 | 13.59 ± 0.48 | 11.88 ± 0.52 | 11.72 ± 0.43 |
Winter | 112.05 ± 2.90 | 112.00 ± 3.05 | 112.86 ± 2.88 | 12.86 ± 0.59 | 11.05 ± 0.49 | 11.71 ± 0.59 | 12.29 ± 0.64 | 11.71 ± 0.53 |
Total | 114.72 ± 1.31 | 109.44 ± 1.38 | 113.44 ± 1.30 | 13.06 ± 0.27 | 11.19 ± 0.22 | 12.62 ± 0.27 | 11.67 ± 0.29 | 11.44 ± 0.24 |
Girls (M ± SE) | ||||||||
Spring | 111.91 ± 4.00 | 110.64 ± 4.21 | 112.27 ± 3.98 | 13.00 ± 0.81 | 11.73 ± 0.68 | 10.82 ± 0.82 | 11.91 ± 0.67 | 11.64 ± 0.73 |
Summer | 113.16 ± 2.35 | 108.06 ± 2.47 | 111.88 ± 2.33 | 13.06 ± 0.48 | 11.59 ± 0.40 | 11.50 ± 0.48 | 11.31 ± 0.51 | 11.38 ± 0.43 |
Autumn | 117.32 ± 2.28 | 114.56 ± 2.39 | 117.50 ± 2.26 | 13.94 ± 0.46 | 12.09 ± 0.39 | 12.09 ± 0.47 | 12.59 ± 0.50 | 12.26 ± 0.41 |
Winter | 117.94 ± 2.28 | 120.29 ± 2.39 | 120.41 ± 2.26 | 14.21 ± 0.46 | 11.94 ± 0.39 | 12.21 ± 0.47 | 13.85 ± 0.50 | 12.91 ± 0.41 |
Total | 115.08 ± 1.41 | 113.39 ± 1.48 | 115.51 ± 1.40 | 13.55 ± 0.29 | 11.84 ± 0.24 # | 11.65 ± 0.29 # | 12.42 ± 0.31 | 12.05 ± 0.26 |
Effect | ||||||||
Sex | ||||||||
F | 0.035 | 3.799 | 1.177 | 1.583 | 4.018 | 6.032 | 3.085 | 3.027 |
p | 0.852 | 0.053 | 0.279 | 0.21 | 0.046 * | 0.015 * | 0.080 | 0.083 |
η2 | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.018 | 0.027 | 0.014 | 0.014 |
Season | ||||||||
F | 2.236 | 3.808 | 2.717 | 1.710 | 1.262 | 1.78 | 3.584 | 2.586 |
p | 0.085 | 0.011 * | 0.046 * | 0.166 | 0.288 | 0.152 | 0.015 * | 0.054 |
η2 | 0.030 | 0.050 | 0.036 | 0.023 | 0.017 | 0.024 | 0.047 | 0.035 |
Sex × Season | ||||||||
F | 1.075 | 0.963 | 1.062 | 0.752 | 0.202 | 1.772 | 1.102 | 0.35 |
p | 0.361 | 0.411 | 0.366 | 0.522 | 0.895 | 0.153 | 0.349 | 0.789 |
η2 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.014 | 0.01 | 0.003 | 0.024 | 0.015 | 0.005 |
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Zhu, Y.; Wang, S.; Qian, Y.; Hu, J.; Zhou, H.; Korivi, M.; Ye, W.; Zhu, R. The Impact of Birth Season and Sex on Motor Skills in 2-Year-Old Children: A Study in Jinhua, Eastern China. Life 2024, 14, 836. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070836
Zhu Y, Wang S, Qian Y, Hu J, Zhou H, Korivi M, Ye W, Zhu R. The Impact of Birth Season and Sex on Motor Skills in 2-Year-Old Children: A Study in Jinhua, Eastern China. Life. 2024; 14(7):836. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070836
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Yuanye, Shuying Wang, Yongdong Qian, Jiahui Hu, Huiling Zhou, Mallikarjuna Korivi, Weibing Ye, and Rong Zhu. 2024. "The Impact of Birth Season and Sex on Motor Skills in 2-Year-Old Children: A Study in Jinhua, Eastern China" Life 14, no. 7: 836. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14070836