Anti-Cataract Effect of the Traditional Aqueous Extract of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.): An In Ovo Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Chemicals and Plant
2.2. Plant Extraction
2.3. Determination of Phenolic Compounds
2.4. Experimental Animals and Study Design
2.5. Biochemical Analysis
2.6. Immunohistochemical Analysis
2.7. Genetic Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phytochemical Compounds of YM Extract Using LC-MS/MS
3.2. Grading of Cataracts
3.3. Biochemical Analysis
3.4. Immunohistochemical Analysis
3.5. Genetic Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Primer Sequences (5′ → 3′) |
---|---|
CRYAA-Forward | GACCACGGCTACATCTCTCG |
CRYAA-Reverse | TGGTGTTACTCGTGCACTCC |
GAPDH-Forward | CTCAACGGATTTGGCCGTAT |
GAPDH-Reverse | AATGCCAAAGTTGTCATGGATG |
No. | Analyte | YM (mg/g) | No. | Analyte | YM (mg/g) | No. | Analyte | YM (mg/g) | No. | Analyte | YM (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Quinic acid | 6.847 | 15 | Epicatechin | n.d. | 29 | Salicylic acid | 0.051 | 43 | Nicotiflorin | 2.368 |
2 | Fumaric aid | n.d. | 16 | Vanilic acid | n.d. | 30 | Cyranoside | n.d. | 44 | Fisetin | n.d. |
3 | Aconitic acid | n.d. | 17 | Caffeic acid | 0.403 | 31 | Miquelianin | n.d. | 45 | Daidzein | n.d. |
4 | Gallic acid | n.d. | 18 | Syringic acid | n.d. | 32 | Rutin-D3-IS a | n.a. | 46 | Quercetin-D3-IS a | n.a. |
5 | Epigallocatechin | n.d. | 19 | Vanillin | 0.035 | 33 | Rutin | 7.619 | 47 | Quercetin | n.d. |
6 | Protocatechuic acid | 0.084 | 20 | Syringic aldehyde | n.d. | 34 | Isoquercitrin | 0.450 | 48 | Naringenin | n.d. |
7 | Catechin | n.d. | 21 | Daidzin | n.d. | 35 | Hesperidin | 8.166 | 49 | Hesperetin | n.d. |
8 | Gentisic acid | n.d. | 22 | Epicatechin gallate | n.d. | 36 | O-Coumaric acid | n.d. | 50 | Luteolin | n.d. |
9 | Chlorogenic acid | 23.723 | 23 | Piceid | n.d. | 37 | Genistin | n.d. | 51 | Genistein | n.d. |
10 | Protocatechuic aldehyde | 0.210 | 24 | p-Coumaric acid | n.d. | 38 | Rosmarinic acid | n.d. | 52 | Kaempferol | n.d. |
11 | Tannic acid | n.d. | 25 | Ferulic acid-D3-IS a | n.a. | 39 | Ellagic acid | n.d. | 53 | Apigenin | n.d. |
12 | Epigallocatechin gallate | n.d. | 26 | Ferulic acid | n.d. | 40 | Cosmosiin | n.d. | 54 | Amentoflavone | n.d. |
13 | 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid | n.d. | 27 | Sinapic acid | n.d. | 41 | Quercitrin | n.d. | 55 | Chrysin | n.d. |
14 | 4-OH benzoic acid | n.d. | 28 | Coumarin | n.d. | 42 | Astragalin | 0.094 | 56 | Acacetin | n.d. |
Groups | Cataract Grades (n) | n | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |||
C | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | <0.05 |
HC | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 2 | 16 | |
YM-1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 11 | 2 | 16 | |
YM-2 | 0 | 13 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 16 | |
YM-3 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 3 | 0 | 16 | |
Total | 16 | 23 | 20 | 19 | 2 | 80 |
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Oncu, S.; Becit-Kizilkaya, M.; Bilir, A.; Saritas, A.; Arikan-Soylemez, E.S.; Koca, H.B.; Firat, F.; Ugur-Kaplan, A.B.; Yilmaz, M.A. Anti-Cataract Effect of the Traditional Aqueous Extract of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.): An In Ovo Perspective. Life 2024, 14, 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14080994
Oncu S, Becit-Kizilkaya M, Bilir A, Saritas A, Arikan-Soylemez ES, Koca HB, Firat F, Ugur-Kaplan AB, Yilmaz MA. Anti-Cataract Effect of the Traditional Aqueous Extract of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.): An In Ovo Perspective. Life. 2024; 14(8):994. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14080994
Chicago/Turabian StyleOncu, Seyma, Merve Becit-Kizilkaya, Abdulkadir Bilir, Alperen Saritas, Evrim Suna Arikan-Soylemez, Halit Bugra Koca, Fatma Firat, Afife Busra Ugur-Kaplan, and Mustafa Abdullah Yilmaz. 2024. "Anti-Cataract Effect of the Traditional Aqueous Extract of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.): An In Ovo Perspective" Life 14, no. 8: 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14080994