A Review of the Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance through Wastewater Treatment Plants: Current Situation in Sri Lanka and Future Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Worldwide Situation of Releasing Antibiotics into the Environment through WWTPs
3.2. The Worldwide Situation of WWTPs as Potential Hotspots for Spreading ARB and ARGs
Detected Resistance in Antibiotics and Antibiotic Class/Related Mutations | Detected ARGs | Source of Antibiotics Found | Literature |
---|---|---|---|
Quinolones | gyrA, qnrS, gyrB, parC | WWTPs and receiving water bodies and their biofilms | [9,57] |
Sulfonamides | Sul1, Sul2 | WWTPs | [34,60,76] |
Beta-lactams | blaAmpC, blaSHV | Wastewater and WWTPs | [34,67,68] |
(β-lactams) | |||
Macrolide | ermB, macB, ereA | WWTPs | [34,79] |
Tetracycline | tetA, tetO, tetW, tetM, tetG | WWTPs and reclaimed water | [51,60] |
Tetracycline | blaCMY | E. coli isolates from WWTPs | [76,79] |
β-lactams sulphonamide | Sul1 | ||
Sulfonamides tetracycline | ampC | WWTPs, wastewater, and urbanized sites of the Kelani River, Sri Lanka | [15,20,22,34,57,79] |
Beta-lactams fluoroquinolones | blaCTX | ||
sul1, tetW | |||
gyrA | |||
aac-(6′)-1b-cr, qnrB, qnrS, ampC |
3.3. The Nature of Antibiotic Use in Sri Lanka
3.4. Current Situation of Operating WWTPs in Sri Lanka
3.5. Antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs Identified in WWTPs and Receiving Water Bodies in Sri Lanka
3.6. The Severity of the Situation of AR Spread through WWTPs in Sri Lanka
3.7. Impacts of Different Treatment Processes on Removing ARB and ARGs
3.8. Potential for Controlling the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance through WWTPs in Sri Lanka
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total number of articles reviewed under the different themes | 108 |
The nature of antibiotic use | 25 |
WWTPs as potential hotspots for spreading ARB and ARGs | 35 |
The current situation of operating WWTPs in Sri Lanka and the spread of AR | 12 |
Antibiotics, ARB, and ARGs identified in WWTPs and receiving water bodies | 15 |
Influence of different treatment processes on removing ARB and ARGs | 10 |
Controlling the dissemination of AR through WWTPs | 11 |
Detected Antibiotics/Antibiotic Class | Source of Antibiotics Found | Literature |
---|---|---|
Quinolones (Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, and Ofloxacin) | Influent and final effluent of WWTPs | [36,59,62] |
Sulfonamides (Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfathiazole, Sulfasalazine, Sulfapyridine, and Trimethoprim) | Influent and final effluent of WWTPs | [6,59,61,66] |
Sulfonamides | Surface water | [6,9,22,60,67] |
Beta-lactams (Amoxicillin, Cloxacillin, Cefalexin, and Cefaclor) | Influent and final effluent of WWTPs | [4,9,37] |
Macrolides (Erythromycin, Tylosin, Roxithromycin, Azithromycin, and Clarithromycin) | Influent and final effluent of WWTPs | [4,24,59] |
Tetracycline (Oxytetracycline and Chlortetracycline) | Influent and final effluent of WWTPs | [43,61] |
Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Chlorotetracycine, and Azithromycin | The final effluent from WWTPs | [24,36] |
Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim, Ciprofloxacin, Tetracycline, and Clindamycin | The final effluent from WWTPs | [15,22,27,61] |
Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, and Cefoxitin | The final effluent from WWTPs | [56,62] |
Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, and Chlorotetracycine | The final effluent from WWTPs | [6,24,59] |
Fluoroquinolone Antibacterials | Hospital wastewater | [9,44,62] |
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Gunawardana, W.; Kalupahana, R.S.; Kottawatta, S.A.; Gamage, A.; Merah, O. A Review of the Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance through Wastewater Treatment Plants: Current Situation in Sri Lanka and Future Perspectives. Life 2024, 14, 1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091065
Gunawardana W, Kalupahana RS, Kottawatta SA, Gamage A, Merah O. A Review of the Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance through Wastewater Treatment Plants: Current Situation in Sri Lanka and Future Perspectives. Life. 2024; 14(9):1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091065
Chicago/Turabian StyleGunawardana, Wasana, Ruwani S. Kalupahana, Sanda A. Kottawatta, Ashoka Gamage, and Othmane Merah. 2024. "A Review of the Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance through Wastewater Treatment Plants: Current Situation in Sri Lanka and Future Perspectives" Life 14, no. 9: 1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091065