Retrospective Analysis of the Effect of Postmenopausal Women Medications on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Progression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
- Bisphosphonates (BI): Alendronic Acid, Ibandronic Acid, Zolendronic Acid, and combinations with cholecalciferol.
- Estrogen and Progestinic (EP) combination: Estradiol, Estriol, Medroxyprogesterone, Tibolone, Dienogest, Drospirenone, Norethisterone, and combinations.
- Estrogen Modulators (EMs): Raloxifene and Bazedoxifene.
- Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and combinations of vitamin D3 and calcium (CC).
2.2. Sources of Study Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethics
2.5. Data Availability
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cohort of Women | SARS-CoV-2 Positive | SARS-CoV-2 Negative | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | ||
Total | 124,393 | 100 | 6412 | 100 | 117,981 | 100 | - |
Age (years) | |||||||
(median, IQR) | 64 | 55–82 | 75 | 57–87 | 63 | 55–81 | <0.0001 |
Type of comorbidity 1 | |||||||
Cardiovascular | 32,369 | 26.0 | 2121 | 33.1 | 30,248 | 25.6 | <0.0001 |
Neurologic | 11,024 | 8.9 | 814 | 12.7 | 10,210 | 8.7 | <0.0001 |
Endocrine | 9944 | 8.0 | 572 | 8.9 | 9372 | 7.9 | 0.005 |
Respiratory | 5484 | 4.4 | 400 | 6.2 | 5084 | 4.3 | <0.0001 |
Psychiatric | 5274 | 4.2 | 340 | 5.3 | 4934 | 4.2 | <0.0001 |
Rheumatologic | 4725 | 3.8 | 257 | 4.0 | 4468 | 3.8 | 0.367 |
Renal | 3217 | 2.6 | 215 | 3.4 | 3002 | 2.5 | <0.0001 |
Gastroenterological | 2939 | 2.4 | 149 | 2.3 | 2790 | 2.4 | 0.833 |
Nutrition | 1918 | 1.5 | 107 | 1.7 | 1811 | 1.5 | 0.397 |
Hematologic | 1639 | 1.3 | 91 | 1.4 | 1548 | 1.3 | 0.464 |
Toxic | 1322 | 1.1 | 63 | 1.0 | 1259 | 1.1 | 0.520 |
Others 2 | 2352 | 1.9 | 131 | 2.0 | 2221 | 1.9 | 0.358 |
Treatment 3 | |||||||
None | 119,519 | 96.1 | 6215 | 96.9 | 113,304 | 96.0 | 0.004 |
Bisphosphonates (BIs) | 928 | 0.7 | 44 | 0.7 | 884 | 0.7 | |
Estrogens and Progestinic (EPs) | 1550 | 1.2 | 53 | 0.8 | 1497 | 1.3 | |
Estrogen Modulators | 11 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 11 | 0.0 | |
Cholecalciferol ± calcium (CC) | 2385 | 1.9 | 100 | 1.6 | 2285 | 1.9 |
Infection by SARS-CoV-2 | Hospitalization | Death | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |
Age | ||||||
1-year increase | 1.021 | 1.019–1.023 | 1.018 | 1.013–1.023 | 1.095 | 1.085–1.106 |
Type of comorbidity | ||||||
None | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Neurologic | 1.11 | 1.02–1.21 | 1.24 | 1.00–1.52 | ||
Psychiatric | 1.11 | 0.98–1.24 | 0.83 | 0.63–1.07 | 1.22 | 0.89–1.66 |
Cardiovascular | 0.96 | 0.90–1.03 | 0.89 | 0.77–1.04 | 0.89 | 0.74–1.07 |
Gastroenterological | 0.89 | 0.75–1.05 | 1.22 | 0.84–1.76 | ||
Hematologic | 0.84 | 0.67–1.03 | ||||
Toxic | 0.79 | 0.60–1.01 | ||||
Renal | 1.90 | 1.41–2.57 | 1.75 | 1.24–2.46 | ||
Rheumatologic | 1.52 | 1.15–2.01 | 1.44 | 0.96–2.12 | ||
Respiratory | 1.51 | 1.20–1.90 | 1.32 | 1.01–1.73 | ||
Treatment | ||||||
None | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
Bisphosphonates (BIs) | 0.80 | 0.58–1.08 | 1.23 | 0.61–2.34 | 1.08 | 0.38–2.61 |
Estrogens–Progestin (EP) | 0.88 | 0.66–1.15 | 0.83 | 0.36–1.69 | <0.001 | −3.01 |
Estrogen Modulators (EMs) | <0.001 | 0.00−3.37 | ||||
Cholecalciferol ± calcium (CC) | 0.74 | 0.60–0.91 | 2.69 | 1.77–4.07 | 0.80 | 0.35–1.64 |
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Cocetta, V.; Zorzi, M.; Bejor, S.; Cesta, M.C.; De Pizzol, M.; Theurillat, J.-P.; Allegretti, M.; Alimonti, A.; Montopoli, M.; Rugge, M. Retrospective Analysis of the Effect of Postmenopausal Women Medications on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Progression. Life 2024, 14, 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091107
Cocetta V, Zorzi M, Bejor S, Cesta MC, De Pizzol M, Theurillat J-P, Allegretti M, Alimonti A, Montopoli M, Rugge M. Retrospective Analysis of the Effect of Postmenopausal Women Medications on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Progression. Life. 2024; 14(9):1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091107
Chicago/Turabian StyleCocetta, Veronica, Manuel Zorzi, Stefano Bejor, Maria Candida Cesta, Maria De Pizzol, Jean-Philippe Theurillat, Marcello Allegretti, Andrea Alimonti, Monica Montopoli, and Massimo Rugge. 2024. "Retrospective Analysis of the Effect of Postmenopausal Women Medications on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Progression" Life 14, no. 9: 1107. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091107