Development of an Innovative Pupillometer Able to Selectively Stimulate the Eye’s Fundus Photoreceptor Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Pupillometers—State of the Art
1.2. Silent Substitution Technique
1.3. Pupillometry Combined with Silent Substitution Technique
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Silenced Pupillometer
2.1.1. Optical Setup
2.1.2. Electronics
2.1.3. Alignment and Pupil Measurements
2.2. Characterization and Calibration Measurements Setup
- Powermeter: The radiant flux of the system at the exit pupil was measured using a Thorlabs (Newton, NJ, USA) PM100D coupled with an S120VC optical head. The instrument is designed to sample radiant flux between 50 nW and 50 mW within the wavelength range of 200 nm to 1100 nm. It has a sensitive area of mm and a typical uncertainty of in the visible range. The sampling time was 50 ms, and readings were taken in Amperes to ensure precision and wavelength independence. The sensitivity of the optical head (A/W) was then used to convert the measurement to radiant intensity.
- Fiber-Coupled Mini-Spectrometer: The C10988MA-1 Hamamatsu MS series mini-spectrometer with its evaluation board (C11351, Hamamatsu Photonics, Shizuoka, Japan) was coupled to the integrated collecting fiber of the device, as shown in Figure 2. The sensor head is characterized by a spectral resolution of 14 nm in the range of 340 to 750 nm by using a 256-pixel CMOS linear image sensor. The spectrometer has a fixed configuration and can be controlled with a dedicated calibration software developed in LabView. For all the measurements reported in Section 3.1, the integration time was set to 20 ms, and the gain was fixed to low. Before each measurement, a dark reading averaged 10 readings with all LED lights turned OFF to account for external illumination.
2.3. Preliminary Experiment Setup
3. Results
3.1. Characterization and Calibration Results
3.1.1. LEDs’ Emission Stability as Function of Time
3.1.2. LEDs’ Linearity
3.1.3. Stimulation Beam at Device’s Exit Pupil
3.1.4. Light Emission Repeatability over Time
3.1.5. Spectral Flux Measurements
3.2. Preliminary Experimental Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
mRGCs | Melanopsin-Containing Retinal Ganglion Cells |
QPi | Quantitative Pupillometry index |
NPi | Neurological Pupil index |
NIR | Near InfraRed |
ECC | Emergency Cardiovascular Care |
CPR | Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation |
ipRGCs | Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells |
PLR | Pupillary Light Reflex |
PWM | Pulse Width Modulation |
FoV | Field of View |
LR | Light Ratio |
EDI | Equivalent Daylight Illuminance |
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Blue | Red | Melanopsin | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Background | Stimulation | Background | Stimulation | Background | Stimulation |
Chromaticity (x, y) | (0.131, 0.208) | (0.105, 0.197) | (0.658, 0.316) | (0.659, 0.315) | (0.585, 0.379) | (0.589, 0.387) |
Pupil Radiant Flux () | 0.023 | 0.935 | 0.017 | 2.610 | 4.534 | 5.282 |
Retinal Illuminance (lm/m2) | 0.184 | 2.034 | 0.235 | 53.084 | 34.772 | 33.424 |
(log photons/cm2/s) | 11.06 | 12.67 | 11.25 | 13.22 | 13.45 | 13.52 |
FoV | Area (mm2) | Width (mm) | Height (mm) | Aspect Ratio | Roundness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FULL (60°) | 0.406 | 0.720 | 0.730 | 1.033 | 0.968 |
LIMITED (10°) | 0.380 | 0.716 | 0.678 | 1.057 | 0.946 |
LED1 | LED2 | LED3 | LED4 | LED5 | LED6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
metamer-B | 0.721 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.699 | 0.100 |
metamer-S | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.899 | 0.105 | 0.100 | 0.899 |
Blue | Red | Melanopsin | |
---|---|---|---|
Escape velocity (mm/s) | |||
Time to recover (s) |
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Gibertoni, G.; Hromov, A.; Piffaretti, F.; Geiser, M.H. Development of an Innovative Pupillometer Able to Selectively Stimulate the Eye’s Fundus Photoreceptor Cells. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 1940. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171940
Gibertoni G, Hromov A, Piffaretti F, Geiser MH. Development of an Innovative Pupillometer Able to Selectively Stimulate the Eye’s Fundus Photoreceptor Cells. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(17):1940. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171940
Chicago/Turabian StyleGibertoni, Giovanni, Anton Hromov, Filippo Piffaretti, and Martial H. Geiser. 2024. "Development of an Innovative Pupillometer Able to Selectively Stimulate the Eye’s Fundus Photoreceptor Cells" Diagnostics 14, no. 17: 1940. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171940